Chapter 5

Question 1

Why Is It So Difficult to Design a Perceiving Machine

Answer 1

Stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous

Question 2

Inverse projection problem

Answer 2

image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects

Question 3

The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints is called

Answer 3

viewpoint invariance

Question 4

Perceptual organization:

Answer 4

process by which elements in a person’s visual field become perceptually grouped and segregated to create a perception

Question 5

Grouping:

Answer 5

elements in a visual scene are “put together” into coherent units or objects

Question 6

Segregation:

Answer 6

separating one area or object from another

Question 7

The process of perceptual organization involves two components:

Answer 7

grouping and segregation

Question 8

Structuralism was established by

Answer 8

Established by Wilhelm Wundt

Question 9

Structuralism distinguished between:

Answer 9

sensations — elementary processes that occur in response to stimulation of the senses— and
perceptions, more complex conscious experiences such as our awareness of objects(how we put those sensations together)

Question 10

Gestalt psychologists proposed
that ____ depends on a number of principles of perceptual organization, which determine how ___ in a scene
become grouped together

Answer 10

perception, elements

Question 11

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

Answer 11

Proximity, Common fate, Common region, Uniform connectedness

Question 12

Proximity:

Answer 12

things that are near to each other are grouped together

Question 13

Common fate:

Answer 13

things moving in the same direction are grouped together

Question 14

Common region:

Answer 14

elements in the same region tend to be grouped together

Question 15

Uniform connectedness:

Answer 15

connected region of visual properties are perceived as single unit

Question 16

Figure-ground relationship

Answer 16

Organize scenes to a central figure (focus) and a background
Humans are good at focusing on figures

Question 17

Perceptual constancies:

Answer 17

stable perceptions amid changing stimuli
Size
Shape
Brightness
Hue
Location in space

Question 18

Properties of figure and ground

Answer 18

The figure is more “thinglike” and more memorable than the ground
The figure is seen in front of the ground
The ground is more uniform and extends behind figure
The contour separating figure from the ground belongs to the figure (border ownership)

Question 19

Perceiving the Gist of a Scene

Answer 19

Figures are more likely to be perceived on the convex side of borders
Built-in principles can override experience
Segregation of figure from ground
Gibson and Peterson experiment
Figure-ground formation can be affected by the meaningfulness of a stimulus

Question 20

principle of pragnanz, also called

Answer 20

the principle of good figure or the principle of simplicity

Question 21

principle of pragnanz

Answer 21

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting
structure is as simple as possible

Question 22

A scene contains

Answer 22

Background elements
Objects organized in meaningful ways with each other and the background

Question 23

A scene contains

Answer 23

Background elements
Objects organized in meaningful ways with each other and the background

Question 24

recognition by components
(RBC) theory

Answer 24

objects are comprised of individual geometric components called geons, and we recognize objects based on the arrangement of
those geons.

Question 25

Difference between objects and scenes:

Answer 25

A scene is acted within An object is acted upon

Question 26

Global image features are____and ____perceived

Answer 26

holistic , rapidly

Question 27

global image features

Answer 27

Degree of Naturalness Degree of Openness Degree of Roughness Degree of Expansion Colour

Question 28

Physical regularities

Answer 28

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment E.g., more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations Light-from-above assumption

Question 29

global image features is that they contain information about a scene’s ____ and _____

Answer 29

structure, spatial layout

Question 30

light-from-above assumption

Answer 30

we usually assume that light is coming from above, because light in the environment, including the sun and most artificial light, usually comes from above

Question 31

One of the reasons humans are able to perceive and recognize objects and scenes so much better than computers

Answer 31

our perceptual system is adapted to respond to physical characteristics of our environment, such as the orientation of objects and the direction of light.

Question 32

Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

Answer 32

Intended to explain why stimuli can be interpreted in more than one way

Question 33

Retinal ambiguity:

Answer 33

pattern of stimulation on the retina can be caused by many different possible objects in the environment

Question 34

Likelihood principle:

Answer 34

objects are perceived based on what is most likely to have caused the pattern

Question 35

Unconscious inference:

Answer 35

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make about the environment

Question 36

Estimate of probability of an outcome determined by

Answer 36

Prior probability, Likelihood of the outcome

Question 37

Prior probability

Answer 37

Our initial estimate of the probability of an outcome

Question 38

Likelihood of the outcome

Answer 38

Extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

Question 39

Predictive coding is a theory that describes

Answer 39

how the brain uses our past experiences—or our “priors,” as Bayes put it—to predict what we will perceive

Question 40

LOC is active when

Answer 40

person views any kind of object—such as an animal, face, house, or tool—but not when they view a texture, or an object with the parts scrambled Does not differentiate between different types of objects

Question 41

damage in the fusiform face area (FFA)

Answer 41

Damage to FFA can result in prosopagnosia

Question 42

prosopagnosia

Answer 42

difficulty recognizing the faces of familiar people, although they can easily identify such people as soon as they hear them speak

Question 43

Parahippocampal place area (PPA):

Answer 43

located in temporal lobe Responds to places, but not objects or faces

Question 44

The first step in understanding corollary discharge theory is to consider the following three signals associated with movement of the eyes

Answer 44

motor signal (MS) corollary discharge signal (CDS) image displacement signal (IDS)