Chapter 5 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Crystallized intelligence
Knowledge gained during lifetime
Comes from dominant hemisphere of the brain
Fluid intelligence
New information from non dominant hemisphere.
Controls emotions, retention of non intellectual info, creativeness, spatial perception, and aesthetic aporeciation
Immunosenescence
Aging of immune system
Presbycusis
Progressive, irreversible hearing loss caused by aging
Presbyesophagus
Decreased intensity of propulsive waves and increased frequency of non-propulsive waves in esophagus
Presbyopia
Difficulty seeing near objects due to reduced elasticity of the lens caused by aging
Changes due to aging are effected by
Genetic factors, environmental, diet, health, etc.
Cells and aging
Aging changes starts at cellular level
Cell numbers decrease
Lean body mass decreases
Total body fat increases
Extracellular fluid is constant
Intracellular fluid decreases, causing less total body fluid. Making dehydration a serious risk
Changes in physical appearance
**Elongated ears and droopy skin
**Loss of subcutaneous tissue and skin
Ectropion/ drooping of the lower eyelid
Longer ears
Arcus senilis/lipid deposits around cornea
Less muscle mass and skin fold thickness
Decreased height
Darkening and wrinkling of skin around orbits
Deepening of hallows in various spaces
Narrower gait in women
Wider gate in men
Changes to respiratory system
Reduction in activity
Reduction of cough and larynx relex
Lungs exhale less effectively-maximum breathing is reduced
Less alveoli
Decreased secretion from mucous glands->thicker secretions and harder to remove. Stuffiness.
Mouth breathing while asleep
***Less effective gas exchange-> higher risk for developing resp infections.
Changes to circu. System
***Resistance to peripheral blood flow increases causing increased systolic BP(hypertension)
Slight left ventricle hypertrophy
Incomplete valve closure risk
Increased risk of postural hypotension and postprandial hypotension
Weaker heart muscles and efficiency causing reduced cardiac output
Changes to GI system
Tooth loss not normal part of aging
Weaker tastebuds. May cause excessive consumption of salt.
Less saliva
Issues chewing and swallowing
Relaxation if lower esophageal sphincter
**Weaker gag reflex means increased choke risk
***Put patient in fowlers while eating as choking precaution
Decreased absorption of vit B, D, b12, calcium and iron.
***Less production of stomach acids and pancreatic enzymes
Changes to urinary system
Reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration
Bladder muscles weaken reducing bladder capacity
Incomplete emptying of bladder
Reproductive changes
Both genders can still enjoy sex
Men-
Reduced sperm
Prostate enlarge
Decreased orgasm intensity
Women-
Dried vaginal canal
Estrogen depletion
Tissue become for alkaline
Reduction in secretion
Musculoskeletal system
Thinning disc and shortening vertebrae causes decreased height
Kyphosis
Atrophy of muscles
***Fibrous tissues replaces muscle tissue
Reduced muscle mass, strength, and movement
-*****exercise/stregth training to prevent loss of muscle tone and strength
***Bone mass reduced and decreased calcium absorption, brittle bones lead to fracture risk
Changes to nervous system
***Decline in weight and reduced blood flow to the brain; does not affect thinking or behavior
Reduction in nerve cells and blood flow
Slow response to change in balance
Hypothalamus less effective in temp regulation
Sleep pattern change. Wakes up alot.
Decreased brain weight
Sensory organ changes
All senses weaken
Can impact quality of life and safety
Vision cahnges
Presbyopia
**Narrower visual field
Pupil less reactive to changes in light. Glare is major safety problem
Depth perception is off
***Cataracts
***Less effective at retaining fluid (glaucoma)
Hearing
Presbycusis-progressive hearing loss
Altered equilibrium/balance due to degeneration of vestibular???
Distortion of high pitched sounds.
Taste and smell
Smell reduced-safety risk
Taste depends on smell
Atrophy of tongue causes reduction in ability to taste salt
Oral care, meds, etc can impact taste
Touch
Reduced
**Reduced ability too sense pressure, discomfort, and deviations in temp
-safety risk
Endocrine system
Thyroid gland activity reduces, lowering metabolism
***Insulin released by pancreatic beta cells delayed and not enough
Ability to metabolize glucose reduce
***Thyroid gland activity decreases, lowering basil metabolic rste
Integumentary system
Skin less elastic, more dry, and more fragile
Less subcut fat(causes them to be colder)
Increase of all skin neoplasms
Less sweating
More prone to skin infections
Weak finger nails
Immune sys.
Greater risk of infection due to reduced immune function
Immunosenescence
T lymphocytes (killer cells) reduce activity and cell mediated immunity declines
Significant risk if infection
Inflammatory defense declines
***Inflammation presents atypical (low fewer and little pain)
Some vaccines are less effective
Reaction to varicella zoster (shingles) changes
