chapter 5

Question 1

regulatory drives

Answer 1

promote homoestasis, (hunger)

Question 2

nonregulatory drives

Answer 2

serves other purposes (sex)

Question 3

brains reward system

Question 4

5 mammalian drives

Answer 4

①regulatory ② safety ③reproductive 4 social ⑤ educational

Question 5

Central-state-theory

Answer 5

Different drives correspond to neural activity in different but over lapping central drive systems

Question 6

How can neurons serve as a central drive system

Answer 6

Receive and integrate the various signals that can raise or lower the drive state. ② central drive system must act on all the neural processes that would be involved in carrying out the motivated behavier.

Question 7

Hub of central drive system

Answer 7

Hypothalamus entered at the base of the brain interconnected with higherareas of the brain controls the release of many hormones

Question 8

Wanting

Answer 8

Release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbuens

Question 9

Liking

Answer 9

Release of endorphins

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

Release of dopamine into nucleus accumbens 1 promotes learning how topredict and obtain A given reward

Question 11

Drug addiction

Answer 11

Cause doparnine release into the nucleus accumbers each time they are taken which may cause super-learning of cues and actions associated with obtaining the drug; hence; addiction

Question 12

Gambling

Answer 12

Unpredictability of rewards I each reward may stimulate release of dopamine into nucleus accumbens resulting in super-learning of cues and actions associated with gambling

Question 13

Leptin

Answer 13

Hormone produced by fat cells, helps to regulate body weight by acting on the hypothalamus to reduce appetite

Question 14

Eating

Answer 14

Cause physiological changes, including the release of pyy that influences the ascuate nucleus and nearby areas to reduce hunger

Question 15

Appetite-control Center

Answer 15

Arcane nucleus of hypothalamus 1s feedback-based appetite control Center withappetite-stimulating and appetite- suppressing neurons

Question 16

Obesity

Answer 16

Within a culture genetic differences across cultures environmental differences

Question 17

Decreasing food

Answer 17

Decreasing food intelle activates hunger mechanisms in the brain and can reduce basal metabolism, making weight loss harder

Question 18

Thrifty phenotypes

Answer 18

Poor prenatal nutrition can lead to these fetus’s storing more fat than children who se prenatal diets are more nutritious

Question 19

Lose weight

Answer 19

Good nutrition habits & regular exercise

Question 20

Sleep

Answer 20

Can be divided into stages ) stage 4 is the deepest

Question 21

Cycles

Answer 21

90 minutes from light to deep and rapidly back to eight

Question 22

REM

Answer 22

Transition between stage 4 and the next sleep cycle

Question 23

Preservation and protection theory

Answer 23

Sleep is needed to conserve energy and increase safety supported by cross-species comparisons of amount and timing of sleep

Question 24

Body - restoration theory

Answer 24

Contends that the body needs sleep to recover from wear and tear → supported by sleep _deprivation studies in animals

Question 25

REM sleepf

Answer 25

May function to maintain brain circuits and consolidate new learning

Question 26

Suprachiasmaticnucleus

Answer 26

S. in the hypothalamus acts as an internal cloth for sleepiness and wakefulness

Question 27

Emotion

Answer 27

Tied subjectively to an object or that feeling as exemplified by anger at game one who insulted you

Question 28

Emotions

Answer 28

Adaptive value motivating us and communicating our intentions and needs to others

Question 29

James theory

Answer 29

Pveripheral bodily reactions precede and cause emotions

Question 30

Schachter

Answer 30

Peripheral feedback affects emotional intensity but perceptions and thoughts determine the type of emotion

Question 31

Ekman

Answer 31

Feedback from facial muscles can induce feelings and bodily reactions indicative of emotions

Question 32

Amygdala

Answer 32

Evaluates sensory information for its significance to survival or well-being and triggers bodily responses

Question 33

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 33

Crucial for conscious emotional experience and deliberate action based on it