Chapter 5 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Long-Term Memory
System responsible for storing information for long periods of time.
Branches of LTM
Explicit: Episodic, Semanctic, Autobiographical.
Implicit: Priming, Procedural, Conditioning.
Encoding
Initial acquisition of information. Maintenance rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal.
Levels-of-processing Theory
Memory depends on how information is encoded. Memory depnds on the depth of processing that an item receives. Shallow processing. Deep processing.
Retrieval: Explicit vs Implicit
Locating information in storage and accessing that information. Explicit: recall, recognition. Implicit: Word completion, priming.
Coordination of Encoding and Retrieval
Retrieval can be increased by matching the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed at encoding. Encoding specificity, mood congruence, and transfer-appropriate processing.
Encoding Specificity - Coordination
Matching the CONTEXT of encoding and retrieval.
Mood Congruence - Coordination
Matching the INTERNAL MOOD during encoding and retrieval.
Transfer-appropriate Processing - Coordination
Matching the TASK at encoding and retrieval. Interaction with levels-of-processing.
Consolidation
Transformation of newly formed memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state.
Amnesia
Deficits in episodic memory. Retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia.
Retrograde Amnesia
Is a loss of access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.
Anterograde Amnesia
Is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.
Autobiographical Memory
Constructive memory: source monitoring and consistency bias, Flashbulb memories (repeated recall) Misinformation effect, false memories, Eyewitness testimony (feedback effect, weapon focus)
Autobiographical Memory
Recollected events that belong to a person’s past. Episodic and semantic.
Constructive Nature of Memory
Memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus your knowledge, experiences, and expectations. “War of the Ghosts” experment (Bartlett, 1932)
Components: Source monitoring, consistency bias.
AM is constructive. Familiarity, stereotypes, and beliefs can influence the accuracy of autobiographical memories.
Source Monitoring
The process of identifying the origins of memories and beliefs. Source misattributions.
Consistency Bias
Tendency to exaggerate the consistency between past and current feelings and beliefs. Social issues (Marcus), Political support (Levine) Romantic Relationships (McFarland and Ross)
Flashbulb Memories
Memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about a shocking, highly emotional event. Memory for how you heard about it rather than for the event itself. Brown and Kulik coined the term while conducting the original study on the phenomenon.
Repeated Recall - Flashbulb Memories
Comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after an event.
Misinformation Effect - Flashbulb Memories
Misleading information presented after a person witness an event can change how they describe it later. Misleading post-event information (MPI)
Explanations for MPI
Memory trace replacement: MPI replaces the original memory of the event.
Retroactive interference: recent learning (MPI) interferes with older learning (original memory of the event)
Eyewitness Testimony
Mistaken identification. Wells & Bradfield (1998)
Feedback Effect
Increased confidence in later memory due to confirming feedback after identification.
