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Chapter 5 ! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four broad categories of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue, Muscular tissue

Introduction

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2
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, ducts, and forms glands

Introduction

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3
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Protects, supports, and binds organs. Stores energy as fat, provides immunity

Introduction

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4
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Detect changes in the body and responds by generating nerve impulses

Introduction

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5
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat

Introduction

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6
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

Introduction

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7
Q

What are the three primary germ layers in embryonic tissues?

A

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

Embryonic Tissues

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8
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Epidermis, nervous system, exocrine glands, tooth enamel, eye lens, adrenal medulla

Embryonic Tissues

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9
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things

Embryonic Tissues

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10
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

Gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme, forms all connective tissue in the body, forms epithelial lining of vessels and serous membranes

Embryonic Tissues

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Consists of a flat sheet of closely adhering cells, upper surface usually exposed, covers body surface and lines body cavities, allows no room for blood vessels, high regeneration capacity, extensive innervation

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

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12
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

Characteristics Epithelial Tissue

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13
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensations

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

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14
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple epithelium, Stratified epithelium

Classification Epithelial Tissue

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Single layer of flat cells, thinnest barrier, allows rapid movement of molecules, lines air sacs of lungs, vessel walls, serous membranes

Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Single layer of uniformly shaped cells, about as tall as they are wide, designed for absorption and secretion, ideal for structural components of glands

Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Single row of tall, narrow cells, oval nuclei in basal half of cell, brush border of microvilli, absorption and secretion, lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, bronchioles, uterine tubes

Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Looks multilayered, all cells touch basement membrane, nuclei at several layers, with cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucus, respiratory tract and portions of male urethra & epididymis

Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of stratified epithelia?

A

Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells

Organization and Relationship of Epithelia Types

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20
Q

Characteristics of Stratified Epithelia

A

Looks multilayered; some not reaching free surface; all touch basement membrane

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21
Q

Types of Stratified Epithelia

A

Three stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells: Stratified squamous, Stratified cuboidal, Stratified columnar (rare)

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22
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Superficial layers of dead cells

Found in epidermis

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23
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

All cells alive

Lines: Oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

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24
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells

Forms walls of ducts in most exocrine glands: Sweat glands, parts of male urethra, periphery of ovarian follicles

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25
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Rare ## Footnote Found in large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra
26
Transitional Epithelium
Limited to urinary tract; Allows for stretching as bladder fills ## Footnote Binucleated cells (two nuclei)
27
Methods of Exocrine Gland Secretion
Merocrine secretion ## Footnote E.g., sweat, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, and exocrine pancreatic glands
28
Connective Tissue Overview
Connective tissue—a type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material
29
Connective Tissue Functions
Binding of organs—tendons and ligaments ## Footnote Transport—blood
30
Connective Tissue Cells
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance ## Footnote Mast cells are found alongside blood vessels
31
What do fibroblasts produce?
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance
32
What do macrophages do?
Macrophages phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigen)
33
What type of white blood cells do monocytes arise from?
Arise from white blood cells called monocytes
34
What are leukocytes also known as?
Leukocytes, or white blood cells
35
What do neutrophils do?
Neutrophils wander about attacking bacteria
36
What do lymphocytes react against?
Lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign material
37
What do plasma cells synthesize?
Plasma cells synthesize disease-fighting antibodies
38
What do mast cells secrete?
Mast cells are found alongside blood vessels ## Footnote Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting Secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels
39
What do adipocytes store?
Adipocytes store triglycerides (fat molecules)
40
What do mesenchymal cells do?
Mesenchymal cells divides to replace damaged cells
41
What type of connective tissue fibers are collagenous fibers?
Collagenous fibers ## Footnote Most abundant of the body’s proteins—25% Tough, flexible, and resist stretching Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly collagen Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone
42
What do reticular fibers form?
Reticular fibers ## Footnote Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein Form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes
43
What are elastic fibers made of?
Elastic fibers ## Footnote Thinner than collagenous fibers Branch and rejoin each other Made of protein called elastin Allows stretch and recoil Yellow fibers—fresh elastic fibers
44
What is ground substance usually composed of?
Ground substance (Ground substance + protein fibers = extracellular matrix) ## Footnote Usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Carbohydrate building blocks, some with attached amines Play important role of regulating water and electrolyte balance in the tissues Chondroitin sulfate—most abundant GAG –In blood vessels and bone –Responsible for stiffness of cartilage Hyaluronic acid—viscous, slippery substance that forms an effective lubricant in joints and constitutes much of the vitreous body of the eyeball
45
What is Proteoglycan?
Gigantic molecule shaped like a test-tube brush ## Footnote Proteoglycan forms thick colloids that create strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules; holds tissues together
46
What are Adhesive glycoproteins?
Adhesive glycoproteins bind components of tissues together
47
What is Areolar CT?
Loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers Highly vascularized Contains all fixed and wandering cells of CT proper Ground substance is abundant and viscous Found in the papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous layer, and surrounding organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels ## Footnote Areolar CT is a type of connective tissue
48
What is Reticular CT?
Meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes Structural framework of many lymphatic organs (e.g. spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
49
What is Adipose CT?
Commonly referred to as fat Composed mostly of adipocytes Two types: White (stores energy, acts as insulator, cushions) and Brown (found in newborns, generates heat, lost as we age) Adipose gain/loss due to adipocytes enlarging or shrinking
50
What is Dense Regular CT?
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers Resemble stacked lasagna noodles In tendons and ligaments Stress typically applied in a single direction Few blood vessels Takes a long time to heal
51
What is Dense Irregular CT?
Clumps of collagen fibers extend in all directions Provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions Found in dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, capsules around internal organs
52
What is Elastic CT?
Branching, densely packed elastic fibers Able to stretch and recoil Found in walls of large arteries, trachea, vocal cords
53
What is Hyaline Cartilage?
Most common type Clear, glassy appearance under microscope Surrounded by perichondrium Located in: Nose, trachea, and larynx; Costal cartilage; Articular ends of long bones; Most of fetal skeleton
54
What is Fibrocartilage?
Weight-bearing cartilage, resists compression Protein fibers in irregular bundles between chondrocytes Sparse ground substance; no perichondrium Located in: Intervertebral discs; Pubic symphysis; Menisci of knee joint
55
What is Elastic Cartilage?
Flexible, springy cartilage Numerous densely packed elastic fibers Ensure tissue is resilient and flexible Chondrocytes closely packed Surrounded by a perichondrium Located in external ear and epiglottis
56
What are the functions of Bone?
Levers for movement Supports tissues Protects vital organs Stores minerals, e.g., calcium and phosphorus Houses hemopoietic cells, which make blood cells
57
What is Blood?
Fluid connective tissue Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place Plasma—blood’s liquid ground substance Formed elements—cells and cell fragments
58
Bone functions
Levers for movement Supports tissues Protects vital organs Stores minerals, e.g., calcium and phosphorus Houses hemopoietic cells, which make blood cells ## Footnote Copyright ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete
59
Fluid CT: Blood
Fluid connective tissue Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place Plasma—blood’s liquid ground substance Formed elements—cells and cell fragments ## Footnote Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Permission required for reproduction or display
60
Muscular Tissue
Muscular tissue—elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation Important source of body heat Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth ## Footnote Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
61
Skeletal Muscle
Long, threadlike cells called muscle fibers Most attach to bone Exceptions: in tongue, upper esophagus, facial muscles, some sphincter muscles (ringlike or cufflike muscles that open and close body passages) Contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane Striations—alternating dark and light bands Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles ## Footnote Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
62
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle Limited to the heart cardiocytes are shorter, branched, and notched at ends Contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light-staining glycogen Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end Provide electrical and mechanical connection Striated and involuntary (not under conscious control) ## Footnote Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
63
Smooth Muscle
Lacks striations and is involuntary Relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends) One centrally located nucleus Visceral muscle—forms layers of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract: propels contents through an organ, regulates diameter of blood vessels
64
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue—specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Consists of neurons (nerve cells) Detect stimuli, respond quickly Transmit coded information rapidly to other cells Neuroglia (glial) Protect and assist neurons “Housekeepers” of nervous system
65
Nervous Tissue - Neuron parts
Neurosoma (cell body) Houses nucleus and other organelles Cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis Dendrites Multiple short, branched processes Receive signals from other cells Transmit messages to neurosoma Axon (nerve fiber) Sends outgoing signals to other cells Can be more than a meter long ## Footnote Nuclei of glial cells
66
Membranes
Membranes line body cavities and cover their viscera Cutaneous membrane (the skin)—largest membrane in the body Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis) Relatively dry layer serves protective function
67
Membranes - Mucous membrane
Mucous membrane (mucosa) lines passages that open to the external environment Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions
68
Membranes - Serous membrane
Serous membrane (serosa)—internal membrane Simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue Produces serous fluid that arises from blood Covers organs and lines walls of body cavities Endothelium lines blood vessels and heart Mesothelium lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura)
69
Membranes - Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane—lines joint cavities Areolar CT, epithelial cells secretes synovial fluid Distributes nutrients to cartilage and reduces friction
70
Tissue Modification
Hypertrophy Increase in size of existing cells of a tissue Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells of a tissue Atrophy Shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size Due to normal aging or disuse E.g., bed
71
Synovial membrane
Lines joint cavities ## Footnote Areolar CT, epithelial cells secretes synovial fluid Distributes nutrients to cartilage and reduces friction
72
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of existing cells of a tissue ## Footnote
73
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells of a tissue ## Footnote
74
Atrophy
Shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size ## Footnote Due to normal aging or disuse E.g., bedridden individual
75
Metaplasia
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another ## Footnote Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium
76
Dysplasia
Abnormal tissue development ## Footnote May be precancerous, or revert back to normal E.g., cervical dysplasia due to exposure to human papillomavirus
77
Neoplasia
Tissue growth is out of control ## Footnote Benign - Localized growth - Does not spread Malignant - Metastasizes, spreads and invades other tissues
78
Necrosis
Tissue death ## Footnote

EXAM 2 (3 decks)

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