Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

EXAM 2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

The skin and its accessory organs; hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

Inspection of the skin, hair, and nails is significant part of a physical exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the skin vulnerable to?

A

Radiation, trauma, infection, and injurious chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is dermatology?

A

Scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis: connective tissue layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the hypodermis and is it part of the integumentary system?

A

Another connective tissue layer below the dermis

Not part of integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is thick skin found and what are its characteristics?

A

On palms and sole, has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

Epidermis from 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is thin skin found and what are its characteristics?

A

Covers rest of the body, possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Epidermis from 0.075 to 0.150 mm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the five types of cells of the epidermis?

A

Stem cells, Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Tactile (Merkel) cells, Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of stem cells in the epidermis?

A

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes

In deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

A

Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of tactile (Merkel) cells in the epidermis?

A

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of dendritic (Langerhans) cells in the epidermis?

A

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the composition of stratum basale?

A

A single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane

Melanocytes and tactile cells are scattered among the stem cells and keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the composition of stratum spinosum?

A

Produce more and more keratin filaments which causes cell to flatten; the higher up in this stratum, the flatter the cells appear

Consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the composition of stratum granulosum?

A

Consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes

Contains coarse dark-staining keratohyalin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the layer found throughout the stratum?

A

Stratum spinosum

Named for artificial appearance created in histological section; involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow
Numerous desmosomes and cell shrinkage produces spiny appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the name of the layer consisting of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes?

A

Stratum granulosum

Consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes
Contains coarse dark-staining keratohyalin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In which layer are keratinocytes densely packed with eleidin?

A

Stratum lucidum

Seen only in thick skin
Keratinocytes are densely packed with eleidin
Eleidin intermediate product in keratin maturation; UV light protection
Cells have no nucleus or other organelles
Zone has a pale, featureless appearance with indistinct boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which layer consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells?

A

Stratum corneum

Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
Dry thickened surface
Form durable surface layer
Surface cells flake off (exfoliate)
Resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long does it take for newly formed keratinocytes to push the older ones toward the surface?

A

The Life History of a Keratinocyte

Newly formed keratinocytes push the older ones toward the surface
In 30 to 40 days a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and flakes off
Slower in old age
Faster in injured or stressed skin
Calluses or corns—thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on the hands or feet
Dandruff: clumps of dander stuck together by sebum (oil)
It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three important developments that occur in the stratum granulosum?

A

In stratum granulosum three important developments occur
Keratinocyte nucleus and other organelles degenerate; cells die
Keratohyalin granules release a protein filaggrin
Binds the keratin filaments together into coarse, tough bundles
Membrane-coating vesicles release lipid mixture that spreads out over cell surface and waterproofs it
Epidermal water barrier—forms between stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum
Lipids secreted by keratinocytes
Tight junctions between keratinocytes
Thick layer of insoluble protein on the inner surfaces of the keratinocyte plasma membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis?

A

The Dermis

Dermis—connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis
Ranges from 0.2 mm (eyelids) to 4 mm (palms, soles)
Composed mainly of collagen with elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts
Well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis?

A

The Dermis

Hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in dermis
Smooth muscle (piloerector muscles) associated with hair follicles
Contract in response to stimuli such as cold, fear, and touch—goose bumps
Dermal papillae—upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis
Friction ridges on fingertips that leave fingerprints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the name of the layer that is a superficial zone of dermis?
Papillary layer—superficial zone of dermis Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells should epidermis become broken Rich in small blood vessels
26
What is the name of the subcutaneous tissue layer?
The Hypodermis ## Footnote Hypodermis—Subcutaneous tissue More areolar and adipose than in dermis Pads body Binds skin to underlying tissues Drugs introduced by injection Highly vascular and absorbs them quickly Subcutaneous fat Energy reservoir Thermal insulation 8% thicker in women
27
What is the most significant factor in skin color?
Skin Color ## Footnote Melanin—most significant factor in skin color Produced by melanocytes Skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes Eumelanin—brownish black gives skin and hair black and brown coloring. Pheomelanin—a reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment may become carcinogenic when exposed to UV rays Hemoglobin—red pigment of red blood cells Adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin Carotene—yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
28
What is the condition characterized by blueness of the skin from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood?
Skin Color ## Footnote Cyanosis—blueness of the skin from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating
29
Melanin
A reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment ## Footnote May become carcinogenic when exposed to UV rays
30
Hemoglobin
Red pigment of red blood cells ## Footnote Adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin
31
Carotene
Yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables ## Footnote Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
32
Cyanosis
Blueness of the skin from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood ## Footnote Airway obstruction (drowning or choking) Lung diseases (emphysema or respiratory arrest) Cold weather or cardiac arrest
33
Erythema
Abnormal redness of the skin due to dilated cutaneous vessels ## Footnote Exercise, hot weather, sunburn, anger, or embarrassment
34
Albinism
Genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin, and pink eyes ## Footnote Inherited recessive condition
35
Jaundice
Yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in blood ## Footnote Cancer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, other compromised liver function
36
Hematoma (bruise)
Mass of clotted blood showing through skin
37
Pallor
Pale or ashen color when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of dermal collagen is visible ## Footnote Emotional stress, low blood pressure, circulatory shock, cold, anemia
38
Evolution of Skin Color
Results from combination of evolutionary selection pressures Especially differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) UVR has two adverse effects Causes skin cancer Breaks down folic acid needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development UVR has one desirable effect Stimulates synthesis of vitamin D necessary for dietary calcium absorption
39
Freckles and moles
Tan to black aggregations of melanocytes ## Footnote Freckles are flat, melanized patches Moles (nevus) are elevated melanized patches often with hair Moles should be watched for changes in color, diameter, or contour May suggest malignancy (skin cancer)
40
Hemangiomas (birthmarks)
Patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries ## Footnote Some disappear in childhood, others last for life
41
What are hair, nails, and cutaneous glands considered as?
Accessory organs of the skin ## Footnote Source: Hair and Nails
42
What makes up the stratum corneum of the skin?
Pliable soft keratin ## Footnote Source: Hair and Nails
43
What makes up hair and nails?
Compact hard keratin ## Footnote Source: Hair and Nails
44
What are the three kinds of hair that grow over the course of our lives?
Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal ## Footnote Source: Hair
45
What are the functions of hair?
Protection, Facial expression, Heat retention, Sensory reception, Visual identification, Chemical signal dispersal ## Footnote Source: Functions of Hair
46
What are nails composed of?
Very thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin ## Footnote Source: Nails
47
What is the nail matrix responsible for?
Nail growth ## Footnote Source: Nails
48
What are the two kinds of sweat glands?
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands, Apocrine sweat glands ## Footnote Source: Sweat Glands
49
What is produced by the sebaceous glands?
Sebum ## Footnote Source: Sebaceous Glands
50
Ducts lead to nearby hair follicles
Produce sweat that is thicker, milky, and contains fatty acids ## Footnote Scent glands that respond to stress and sexual stimulation Develop at puberty Pheromones—chemicals that influence the physiology of behavior of other members of the species Bromhidrosis—disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action on fatty acids
51
Sebaceous Glands
Sebum—oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands ## Footnote Flask-shaped glands with short ducts opening into hair follicle Holocrine gland—secretion consists of broken-down cells Replaced by mitosis at base of gland Keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked Secretion stimulated by hormones, especially androgens
52
Other integumentary glands
Ceruminous glands ## Footnote Modified apocrine sweat glands Located only in external ear canal Secretions of waterproof earwax, cerumen Traps foreign material Lubricates acoustic meatus and eardrum Mammary glands Modified apocrine sweat glands of breast Only function in pregnant and lactating females Produce milk
53
Tissue Repair
Damaged tissues can be repaired in two ways: ## Footnote Regeneration: replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before Restores normal function Skin injuries and liver regenerate Fibrosis: replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue Holds organs together Gap filled with scar tissue Does not restore normal function Severe cuts and burns, healing of muscle injuries, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis
54
Bleeding into the wound
(1) Cut blood vessels bleed into wound: ## Footnote Severed blood vessels bleed into cut Mast cells and damaged cells release histamine Dilates blood vessels Increases blood flow to area Makes capillaries more permeable Blood plasma seeps into the wound carrying: Antibodies Clotting proteins Blood cells
55
Scab
(2) Blood clot forms in the tissue ## Footnote Loosely knitting edges of cut together Inhibits spread of pathogens from injury site to healthy tissue Forms scab that temporarily seals wound and blocks infection Macrophages phagocytize and digest tissue debris
56
Formation of granulation tissue
(3) New capillaries sprout from nearby vessels and grow into wound ## Footnote Deeper portions become infiltrated by capillaries and fibroblasts Transform into soft mass called granulation tissue Macrophages remove the blood clot Fibroblasts deposit new collagen Begins 3–4 days after injury and lasts up to 2 weeks
57
Epithelial regeneration and connective tissue fibrosis
(4) Epithelium regenerates Connective tissue undergoes fibrosis Scar tissue may or may not show through epithelium Remodeling (maturation) phase begins several weeks after injury and may last up to 2 years
58
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer—induced by the UV rays of the sun ## Footnote Most often on the head and neck Most common in fair-skinned people and the elderly One of the most common cancer One of the easiest to treat Has one of the highest survival rates if detected and treated early Three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma
59
Burns
Classified according to the depth of tissue involvement ## Footnote First-degree burn: partial-thickness burn; involves only the epidermis Marked by redness, slight edema, and pain Heals in a few days Most sunburns are first-degree burns Second-degree burn: partial-thickness burn; involves the epidermis and part of the dermis Leaves part of the dermis intact Red, tan, or white Two weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars
60
First-degree burn
Partial-thickness burn; involves only the epidermis ## Footnote Most sunburns are first-degree burns
61
Second-degree burn
Partial-thickness burn; involves the epidermis and part of the dermis ## Footnote Two weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars
62
Third-degree burn
Full-thickness burn; the epidermis and all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues (muscles or bones) are destroyed ## Footnote Often requires skin grafts Needs fluid replacement and infection control
63
Epidermis Layers from deep to superficial
Stratum basale 2.Stratum spinosum 3.Stratum granulosum 4.Stratum lucidum 5.Stratum corneum

EXAM 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions