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BIOL_O 131 Midterm 2 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does an integumentary system consist of?

A
  1. Cutaneous Membrane = skin (epidermis + dermis layers)
  2. Accessory Structure = hari follicles, nails, & exocrine glands)
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2
Q

2 layers of skin are:

A
  1. epidermis: superficial stratified squamous epithelium
  2. dermis: underlying areolar tissue & a reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue
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3
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer?

A

Hypodermis (underneath cutaneous layer/ just below the skin)
- composed of loose connective tissue
- not part of the integument, but tissue fibres are interwoven (interlinked) with those of the dermis

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4
Q

what makes Integument?

A

Epidermis + dermis (papillary layer & reticular layer) + accessory structure

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5
Q

Functions of the skin and hypodermis

A

1) protection: from impact, abrasion, fluid loss chemicals
2) excretion: of salts, water, organic wastes
3) regulation of body temperature
4) synthesis of vitamin D3: a steroid that is converted into calcitriol (hormone required for Ca++ absorption from the intestine)
5) storage of lipids: in adipocytes
6) sensation: innervated tactile receptors sensitive to different levels of touch and vibration
7) production of melanin: protects cells from UV
8) production of keratin (the main protein in all of the skin cells): protects from dehydration

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6
Q

What does the Epidermis consist of?: e.g. the type of tissue

A

consists of stratified squamous epithelium which is avascular; superficial cells are inert/ dead

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7
Q

The main cell type of epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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8
Q

the type of cell junction helps bind epidermis to the dermis

A

Hemmidesmosomes to the basal lamina

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9
Q

Origin and fate of keratinocytes (epidermis):

A

newly formed cells are pushed further and further toward the surface and eventually are shed

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10
Q

Dermal papillae

A

the strength of attachment is proportional to the surface area
- increases the surface areas for the gluelike dermal-epidermal junctions that helps bind the skin layers together

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11
Q

Keratinized skin cells

A

Full of keratin fibres on the surface of human skin

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12
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Two types of skin:
thin = 4 layers of keratinocytes (covers most of the body)
thick = 5 layers of keratinocytes (covers palm and soles - for more protection)

  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidium
  3. stratum granulosum (grainy)
  4. stratum spinosum (spiny)
  5. stratum germinativum
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13
Q

5 layers of thick skin

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum (palms & soles only)
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale (stem cells)
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14
Q

The pigment of the skin

A
  • melanin: gives skin its colour and allows for the skin to tan
  • carotene (more orange colour) & oxygen-rich hemoglobin also contributes to the colour of skin
  • the protein keratin: stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails (all made of keratinocytes = skin cells)
    (the outermost layer consists of 25-30 layers of dead cells)
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15
Q

Stratum germinativum (stratum basale) - the deepest

A
  • anchored to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
  • forms epidermal ridges which interlock with dermal papillae
  • simple cuboidal/ columnar epithelium (keratinocytes)
  • provides a strong attachment
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16
Q

Why do you get calluses and what are they?

A

Calluses: thickened skin on your hands or the soles of your feet
- Pressure, wear, and tear stimulate more rapid mitosis which leads to the thickening of the epidermis (as a protective mechanism)

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17
Q

Why do you get blisters and what are they?

A

Blisters 물집: a bubble on the skin containing fluid
Friction or damage to the epidermis from extreme temp (burns, frostbite) or chemicals cause layers of the epidermis to separate and the gap fills w/ fluid from underlying tissues (clear, or w/ blood, or w/ pus if infected)
- the fluid stimulates healing & re-growth

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18
Q

Ridges (on finger)

A

ridges = ensures good grip of fingers and toes
-> creates fingerprint ridges/ patterns
uniqueness: genetics + intro development

*epidermal ridges contain of pores of sweat gland ducts

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19
Q

Why do you get prune-y fingers in the bathtub?

A

nervous system triggers blood vessel constriction
- hypothesis :)

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20
Q

Cell types in stratum germinativum:

A

1) basal cells = germinative cells (stem cells)
2) melanocytes = pigment-producing cells
- passaging message to neurons (through chemicals)
* Merkel cells - sensitive to touch, activate nerve endings by releasing chemicals

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21
Q

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) - the second deepest

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes
- includes Langerhans (dendritic) cells: phagocytes
- ingesting the unwanted invaders
e.g. defend against microorganisms and superficial skin cancer: engulfing those cells
- immune cells are in these layers

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22
Q

Stratum granulosum = “grainy” layer

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes
cells make large amounts of protein keratin = keratinocytes and keratohyalin (protein)

keratinocytes and keratohyalin accumulate (모으다) in granules, promotes dehydration & cross-links between keratin fibres

As cells move upward through stratum granulosum:
- they get thinner, flatter and less permeable creating a tightly interlocked layer of cells; cells begin to die in this layer

Cells superficial to the stratum granulosum are dead

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23
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

= very thin “clear”
(in thick skin only)
- cells are densely
- packed w/ keratin & devoid of organelles
* Glassy and Clear

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24
Q

Stratum corneum

A

= “horn”
15-30 layers of keratinized, dead cells tightly interconnected by desmosomes
- water resistant: insensible water loss (500mL/day)
-> directly through skin (not through sweat glands) & respiration

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25
Pigments of epithelium:
a) Carotene - an orange/ yellow pigment also found in orange vegetables (can be converted to vitamin A) - humans can not make carotene - fat-soluble b) Melanin - a yellow/ brown pigment (made from tyrosine amino acid) produced by: melanocytes in stratum germinativum
26
Melanin
Melanin packaged into vesicles = melanosomes - melanosomes passed keratinocytes 1) light-skinned: breakdown of melanosomes (by fusion w/ lysosomes) occurs in stratuim germinativum and spinosum 2) dar-skinned: breakdown in stratum granulosum
27
function of melanin
protection from the effects of UV radiation -> burns (suntan: UV stimulates greater melanin production) "UV" -> damage to DNA in stratum germinativum (creates thymine dimers) - 'mutation in DNA' = skin cancer : can cause the DNA to be misread by polymerases (that are travelling along it) 1) Less UV: skin being a bit lighter - better be able to produce vitamin D (for calcium absorption) - needs protection against the sun 2) Many UV: - easily able to produce as much vitamin D as their body needs to absorb calcium Balance: melanins and the needs of vitamins D
28
What is Vitiligo?
Vitiligo results from less melanocytes, causing white patches on the skin. The cause is unknown but may result from an autoimmune disease, genetic, or other factors.
29
How does Dermal circulation influence skin colour?
Dermal circulation also influences skin colour: 1) oxygenated hemoglobin - bright red - noticeable in light-skinned individuals especially when exercising or flushed (& capillaries are dilated) b) if cold temp - skin capillaries constrict making you look paler - also if blood flow is restricted/ damaged = paler) c) low oxygen - deoxygenated hemoglobin appears dark red & through pale skin = blue called **cyanosis** (low O2) normal hemoglobin = light red deoxygenated = dark red
30
Why is Vitamin D3 needed?
: required for normal absorption of Ca++ from the digestive tract
31
Production of vitamin D3 (Cholecalcifierol)
Direction: Skin (epithelial cells) to Digestive tract (liver and kidney) - vitamin D3 produced by epithelial cells (in stratum spinosum & stratum germinativum) in response to sunlight - then the liver converts cholecalciferol (vit D3) into a product that the kidneys turn into calcitriol (essential for calcium absorption)
32
What is Rickets?
Caused by vitamin D3 deficiency, results in the bending of abnormally weak & flexible bones under the weight of the body vitamin = essential organic nutrient
33
The tract of Vitamin D3 production
sunlight meets the epidermis - Cholecalciferol is produced by stratum spinosum & germinativum - it goes to the liver: is converted into the intermediary product - sent to the kidney; converted into calcitriol (which is a hormone that helps the intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate ion)
34
The layers of the dermis
Two layers: 1) papillary layer 2) reticular layer
35
What is the Papillary layer?
Papillary layer: areolar tissue - thrown into folds on the surface = dermal papillae - contains capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin
36
What is the Reticular layer?
Dense irregular connective tissue; interwoven meshwork of both collagen and elastic fibres
37
What does the reticular layer contain?
Contains: - hair follicles - sweat glands - lymphatic vessels - nerve fibres
38
Dermal strength and elasticity
collagen - very strong, resists stretching elastic fibers - stretchy water content of skin = skin turgor (stretchy)
39
Lines of Cleavage
Collagen & elastin in the dermis that are arranged in parallel bundles (strategically line-up to prevent damages from moving) - bundles oriented to resist forces normally applied to skin - established lines of cleavages (a line of cleavage will usually remain close & heal with little scarring) ( the lines are called tension lines)
40
Dermal Blood Supply
Dermis is well-supplied w/ blood vessels (vascularized) network of arteries and veins between dermis and hypodermis: cutaneous plexuses
41
Innervation to the skin
1) Nerve cells regulate: **blood flow**, adjust gland secretion rates, & monitor sensory receptors 2) Sensory receptors respond to light touch, deep pressure, vibration, chemicals, temperature & (damage) pain - tactile (촉감) corpuscle (meissner corpuscle) - sebaceous gland** - sweat glands** - lamellated (thin layered) corpuscle (pacinian corpuscle) - hair follicle - nerve fibres
42
What is the Messner Corpuscle (tactile corpuscle)?
The Messner corpuscle - highly found in the skin of palms, lips and fingers - respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
43
What is the Ruffini corpuscle?
It primarily senses skin stretching, movement and finger position
44
Pacinian corpuscles (Lamella corpuscle)
senses of deep touch/ pressure and vibrations
45
What are cutaneous plexuses?
- Cutaneous plexuses feed into subpapillary plexuses that supply capillaries extending into papillae = a source of O2 & nutrients for the epidermis
46
what is the Hypodermis made of?
Tissue types: areolar (proper loose) and adipose tissue - an ideal type of tissue to deliver (medications, immune cells through the bloodstream)
47
What is the function of the hypodermis?
- elasticity - reduce heat loss - energy reserve - blood reservoir
48
What are the Appendages (attachment) of the skin
- hair follicles - hair - nails - sweat glands - sebaceous glands - ceruminous glands
49
what is terminal hair?
hair on head
50
What is specialized terminal hair?
eyelash & brow
51
what is vellus hair?
Body hair
52
what is lanugo
baby hair
53
Functions of hair
1) insulates & protects scalp 2) protects nostrils & ear canals : trapping the airway making sure (nose hair) what's going into the lungs 3) detects movement through hair plexus sensory nerve 4) arrector pili muscle stands up = goose up
54
Development of terminal hair: armpits
Vellus hair : prepubertal stage [Androgens (testosterone; converted by sex hormones] to Terminal hair: adult stage
55
The hair growth cycle; the active phase
1. active phase - lasts 2-5 years - the hair grows continuously at a rate of approximately 0.33 mm/ day
56
The hair growth cycle; the regression
2. the regression - the follicle begin to undergo regression (starting to detach a little) - transition to the resting phase
57
The hair growth cycle; the resting phase
3. the resting phase - the hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair
58
The hair growth cycle; the reactivation
4. reactivation - the club hair is shed and the hair matrix begins producing a replacement hair
59
the location of Hair
Make sure you know the locations of: 1) sweat pores 2) sensory neurons 3) lamellated corpuscle
60
the structure of hair root and hair bulb
hair root (shaft) from the deepest: 1) medulla - matrix = produces hair shaft (& inner & outer root sheaths) 2) cortex = thickest part of hair shaft contains the melanin 3) cuticle = dead, shingle-like cells hair bulb: 1) hair papilla 2) melanocytes (hair colour)
61
The structure of hair follicles
from the deepest: 1) internal root sheath: around cuticles 2) external root sheath 3) glassy membrane 4) connective tissue sheath
62
what are the Sebaceous Glands?
Sebaceous Glands = secrete oil through holocrine secretion 2 types: 1) simple branched alveolar glands - Share duct w/ hair follicle & squeezed by arrector pili muscle 2) sebaceous follicles - not associated w/ hair follicle
63
Secretions of sebaceous glands:
Sebum (lipids + electrolytes + proteins + cholesterol) : a bit acidic
64
What are the functions of sebaceous glands?
- inhibits (방지하다) bacterial growth due to its acidity - lubricates & protects keratinized cells (hair & skin) - newborns' **vernix caseosa** (covering the fetus) - can fail to discharge, collecting sebum in "whiteheads" or "blackheads" which can become inflamed causing acne in teenagers (due to hormone changes)
65
2 types of sweat glands
1. merocrine sweat glands (=eccrine sweat glands) 2. apocrine sweat glands
66
What are merocrine sweat glands?
= eccrine sweat glands * structure: coiled tubular duct - uses exocytosis (merocrine) - controlled primarily by the thermoregulatory centre (hypothalamus), - and emotional centre (another brain centre controlling depending on emotions; limbic system) sweat: watery
67
The function of merocrine sweat glands
- cooling the surface of the skin to reduce body temp - excrete water + electrolytes - flushes chemicals - contains dermcidin (antibiotic protein) to discourage microbes
68
What are the apocrine sweat glands?
it includes ceruminous glands of the ear & mammary milk-producing glands *armpits distribution: axillae (겨드랑이), pubic region and around nipples secretion: sticky, cloudy, odorous (possible sex scents) influenced by hormones
69
The functions of the apocrine sweat glands
- nutrient for bacteria which intensifies odour
70
what are the myoepithelial cells?
myoepithelial cells: contractile cells that squeeze the glands
71
what are the Merkle cells
combine with nerve endings to create a sensory receptor for touch
72
What are ceruminous glands?
ceruminous glands = modified apocrine sweat glands - located: external ear - secretion: cerumen = ear wax - mechanism: apocrine - function: trap foreign particles protecting the eardrum
73
What is a nail body?
The nail body covers the nail bed
74
what is a lunula?
Near the root, the dermal blood vessels may be obscured, leaving a pale crescent known as the lunula
75
What is a nail root?
The nail production occurs at the nail root, an epidermal fold not visible from the surface - the deepest portion of the nail root lies very close to the bone of the fingertip
76
what is the eponychium?
A portion of the stratum corneum of the nail root extends over the exposed nail, forming the eponychium
77
what is the hyponychium?
The freed edge of the nail - the distal portion that continues past the nail bed; extends over the hyponychium (an area if thickened stratum corneum)
78
3 types of skin cancer
1) basal carcinoma (the least malignant, most common) 2) squamous cell carcinoma 3) melanoma
79
What is the basal carcinoma?
Site of origin: Stratum germinative = 2/3 on areas chronically exposed to the sun
80
What is the Squamous cell carcinoma?
site of origin: Stratum Spinosum sun-exposed areas
81
What is the melanoma
- least common/ most dangerous - site of origin: melanocytes can occur anywhere, sun exposure increases the odds Characteristics: ABCD Asymmetry: irregular shape Border: irregular Colour: mottled Diameter: more than 5mm - protect yourself & family by checking your moels once a year *use sunscreen
82
what are burns?
tissue damage caused by intense heat, electricity, radiation (including sunburn) some chemicals
83
3 types of burns
1) first degree 2) second degree 3) third degree
84
what are first-degree burns?
First-degree burns : affects only the surface of the epidermis; most sunburns; usually limited to redness (granulation) with minor pain
85
what are the second-degree burns?
Second-degree burns : affects the epidermis and upper portions of the dermis - blistering, swelling and pain heal in 1-2 weeks if there is no infection
86
What are the third-degree burns?
third-degree burns : epidermis and dermis and sometimes hypodermis if > 10% body = life-threatening because granulation tissue cannot form to cover area first problem: - fluid loss, along w/ electrolytes, proteins (5x faster than normal
87
How to treat third-degree burns (within 24 hours)
1. replace lost fluid and electrolytes 2. provide massive amounts of nutrients (to heal the cell) 3. protect to try to prevent infection 4. assist in tissue repair, grafts (e.g. IV, however, it should be into the living bloodstream which can send nutrients to the tissues
88
Healing phases of cuts
1. inflammatory phase 2. migratory phase 3. proliferation phase 4. scarring phase
89
Healing phases of cuts: migratory phase
2. migratory phase: - scab forming - guarding macrophages (WBC working) removes debris and pathogens - rapid cell division along wound edges to replace missing cells **formation of granulation tissue**
90
Healing phases of cuts: inflammatory phase
1. inflammatory phase: - **master cells** trigger inflammatory response - bleeding occurs at the site of injury
91
Healing phases of cuts: proliferation phase
3: proliferation phase: - A deeper portion of the clot dissolves **fibroblasts** produce new collagen fibers and ground substances
92
Healing phases of cuts: scarring phase
4. scarring phase: - scar tissue formation
93
Age-related changes
1. fewer/ slower melanocytes (white hair) 2. decreased sebaceous gland secretions (drier skin) 3. decreased germinative cell division - thinning epidermis; slower skin repair - Lower vit D3 production - weaker muscle and brittler bones) 4. decreased # of dendritic cells = less immune response; increased damage & infection & risk of cancer 5. fewer elastic fibres & thinner dermis = sagging (처짐) & wrinkles 6. less active merocrine sweat glands = greater risk of overheating 7. reduced blood supply = feel cold faster & less able to reduce body heat 8. less active hair follicles (less hair produced & thinner hairs) 9. reduced sex hormones (changes hair & fat distribution; less epidermal cell divisions (3); fewer dendritic cells (4)
94
Hormones required for healthy skin
1. thyroid hormone = maintain normal blood flow 2. sex hormones = epidermal cell division; dendritic cell division 3. growth factors (e.g. epidermal growth factor) = stimulate germinative cell division; epidermal repair and gland secretion) 4. Growth hormone = stimulate **fibroblast activity (collagen synthesis)**; germinative cell division; wound repair 5. calcitriol = synthesized by the kidneys in response to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) production for absorption of calcium and phosphorus (required for bone maintenance and muscle & nerve function) by the small intestine

BIOL_O 131 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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