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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human movement system (HMS)

A

System = collective components, work together
Movement = muscle, skeleyal, nervous

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

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2
Q

Kinetic chain

A

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

Neurons communicating

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

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4
Q

Neuron

A

-A cell-
A functional unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Who: Cellular structure or organelle
what: that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material
How: in the form of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

Effector sites

A

Nerve fiber Causes glands to secrete

An effector is a nerve fiber that ends at a gland or muscle, causing it to contract or secrete.

such as a muscle or organ,

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8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Electrical Minerals

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

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9
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

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11
Q

Afferent pathway

A

senses to CNS

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Afferent arrives, efferent exits

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12
Q

Efferent pathway

A

CNS to Body

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

Brain, spinal neurons

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

Connects afferent and efferent neurons

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14
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Responds to touch

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movement

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Automatic Bodily Functions

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

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17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Heightened Neural States

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

think of adrenaline

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18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased Neural Activity

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Think deep breathing, meditation, prayer

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19
Q

Sensory function

A

Body Awarness

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Feeling, Knowing your body

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20
Q

Proprioception

A

Relative Position, Orientation

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

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21
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary Processes

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body

(e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

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22
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Heightened Nerves

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

(think of adrenaline)

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased nerves

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

(meditation, prayer, deep breathing)

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24
Q

Sensory function

A

Feeling your Body

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

knowing your body

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25
Integrative function
**Nervous System Learning** The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response. | *Putting it all together.*
26
Motor function
**Neural Response** The neuromuscular response to the integrated sensory information. | *Movement, action*
27
Muscle spindles
**Sensory Organs** detect muscle length and stretch, and help the central nervous system (CNS) determine body position and movement. | *They are found in almost all muscles of the body*
28
Stretch reflex
**Self-Protection** Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
29
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
**Sensory Receptors** A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. | *pays attention to tension in your muscle*
30
Joint receptors
**Joint Receptors** Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. | *pays attention to tension changes in your joints*
31
Neuroplasticity
**Brain Growth** The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span. | New pathways change the brain
32
Neurocircuitry
**Connections** The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. | circuits are connected loops
33
Motor skills
**Specific Movements** Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems. | mind, body
34
Axial skeleton
**Skull, RibCage, Spine** A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
35
Appendicular skeleton
**Arms, Legs, Pelvis** A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.
36
Levers
Rigid rods where muscles attach.
37
Remodeling
Throughout life, bone is constantly renewed through a process called remodeling, which is a process that consists of resorption and formation of the bone structure by special cells
38
Osteoclasts vs Osteoblasts
**Build vs Collapse** Osteoclasts are special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue. Osteoblasts are special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue | osteo-B-lasts B-uild bone, while osteo-C-lasts C-ollapse bone".
39
Wolff’s law
**New Bone Growth** Scientific explanation of how remodeling occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone. | *Use is or lose it*
40
Depressions
**Indented Bone** Flattened or indented portions of bone.
41
Processes
**Processes Protrude** Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.
42
Vertebral column
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.
43
Spinal cord
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.
44
Intervertebral discs
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
45
Neutral Spine
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.
46
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible. | *Osteo Cinematics*
47
Arthrokinematics
**Joint Surfaces** Arthrokinematics refers to the movement of joint surfaces | three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
48
Synovial joints
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.
49
Nonaxial
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
50
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.
51
Ligament
Bone to bone: A fibrous connective tissue linking bones
52
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
53
Elastin
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
54
Growth plate
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
55
Fascia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.
55
Skeletal muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
56
Epimysium
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”
57
Fascicles
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.
58
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.
59
Endomysium
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.
60
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
61
Myoglobin
Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.
62
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.
63
Myofilaments
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.
64
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.
65
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.
66
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
67
Z-line
The meeting point of each sarcomere.
68
Neural activation
The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.
69
Neuromuscular junction
The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.
70
Synapse
A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.
71
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
72
Action potential
Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.
73
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.
74
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.
75
Sliding filament theory
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.
76
Excitation-contraction coupling
The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.
77
Power stroke
The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.
78
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.
79
Resting length
The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.
80
Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.
81
Type II muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.
82
All-or-nothing principle
Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.
83
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

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