Chapter 5

Question 1

What is coping?

Answer 1

Coping refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies individuals use to manage stress and emotions.

Question 2

What are effective coping mechanisms?

Answer 2

Effective coping mechanisms can reduce stress-related health risks, while maladaptive coping strategies can worsen psychological and physical well-being.

Question 3

What is engagement coping?

Answer 3

Engagement coping, also known as approach coping, involves actively addressing a stressor through problem-solving or emotional expression.

Question 4

What are the outcomes of engagement coping?

Answer 4

This type of coping is generally associated with better psychological outcomes, as it helps individuals process and resolve stressors.

Question 5

What is disengagement coping?

Answer 5

Disengagement coping, or avoidance coping, involves ignoring, denying, or distancing oneself from a stressor rather than addressing it directly.

Question 6

What are the long-term effects of avoidance coping?

Answer 6

While avoidance may provide short-term relief, it is often linked to worse long-term outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and chronic stress.

Question 7

What is problem-focused coping?

Answer 7

Problem-focused coping involves directly addressing the source of stress by finding solutions, seeking information, or making changes.

Question 8

When is problem-focused coping most effective?

Answer 8

This coping strategy is most effective when a stressor is controllable, such as preparing for an exam or resolving a work conflict.

Question 9

What is emotion-focused coping?

Answer 9

Emotion-focused coping aims to regulate emotional responses to stress rather than changing the stressor itself.

Question 10

What strategies are used in emotion-focused coping?

Answer 10

Strategies such as seeking social support, practicing mindfulness, or reframing thoughts can help individuals manage distressing emotions.

Question 11

What is emotional-approach coping (EAC)?

Answer 11

Emotional-approach coping (EAC) involves actively processing and expressing emotions related to stress, rather than suppressing them.

Question 12

What are the benefits of emotional-approach coping?

Answer 12

Research suggests that EAC can improve psychological and physical health by reducing stress-related physiological responses.

Question 13

What is rumination?

Answer 13

Rumination is the repetitive and passive focus on negative thoughts, emotions, or past stressful events without problem-solving.

Question 14

What are the consequences of chronic rumination?

Answer 14

Chronic rumination is linked to higher levels of anxiety, depression, and increased physiological stress responses.

Question 15

What is an emotional cascade?

Answer 15

An emotional cascade occurs when intense emotional distress triggers repetitive negative thoughts, leading to worsening emotional arousal.

Question 16

Who is commonly affected by emotional cascades?

Answer 16

This cycle is common in individuals with mood disorders and can contribute to impulsive behaviors, such as self-harm or substance abuse.

Question 17

What is repressive coping?

Answer 17

Repressive coping involves avoiding or denying stressful thoughts and emotions, often by maintaining a positive outward appearance.

Question 18

What are the long-term effects of repressive coping?

Answer 18

While this strategy may reduce immediate distress, long-term repression is associated with heightened physiological stress responses and poor health outcomes.

Question 19

What is dispositional affect?

Answer 19

Dispositional affect refers to an individual’s general tendency to experience positive or negative emotions across different situations.

Question 20

How does dispositional affect influence health?

Answer 20

A positive dispositional affect is linked to better stress resilience and health outcomes, while a negative affect is associated with increased stress and illness.

Question 21

What is psychological control?

Answer 21

Psychological control refers to the belief that one can influence their environment and outcomes, even in stressful situations.

Question 22

What are the benefits of high psychological control?

Answer 22

High psychological control is associated with better stress management, improved health behaviors, and lower risk of depression.

Question 23

What is regulatory control?

Answer 23

Regulatory control refers to an individual’s ability to modulate their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in response to stress.

Question 24

What are the effects of strong regulatory control?

Answer 24

Strong regulatory control is linked to better emotional resilience, while poor control can lead to impulsive decision-making and increased stress vulnerability.

Question 25

What is resilience?

Answer 25

Resilience is the ability to adapt positively and recover quickly from adversity, trauma, or stress.

Question 26

What characterizes resilient individuals?

Answer 26

Resilient individuals tend to use adaptive coping strategies, maintain optimism, and benefit from strong social support networks.

Question 27

What is the buffering hypothesis?

Answer 27

The buffering hypothesis suggests that social support protects individuals from the harmful effects of stress by reducing physiological and psychological strain.

Question 28

How does social support affect coping?

Answer 28

Supportive relationships can enhance coping abilities and mitigate stress-related health risks, such as cardiovascular disease and depression.

Question 29

What is the direct effect hypothesis?

Answer 29

The direct effect hypothesis proposes that social support benefits health regardless of stress levels by promoting positive emotions and healthy behaviors.

Question 30

What are the implications of strong social connections?

Answer 30

This theory suggests that having strong social connections leads to overall better well-being and lower risk of chronic illnesses.

Question 31

What is the matching hypothesis?

Answer 31

The matching hypothesis states that the effectiveness of social support depends on how well it matches an individual's specific needs in a stressful situation.

Question 32

Can you provide an example of the matching hypothesis?

Answer 32

For example, emotional support is most beneficial for emotional distress, while informational support is more helpful for problem-solving situations.

Question 33

What is stress management?

Answer 33

Stress management refers to techniques and strategies used to reduce stress and its negative impact on health.

Question 34

What are common methods of stress management?

Answer 34

Common methods include relaxation techniques, exercise, cognitive restructuring, and mindfulness-based practices.

Question 35

What is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)?

Answer 35

Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) is a stress reduction technique that involves systematically tensing and relaxing different muscle groups.

Question 36

What are the benefits of PMR?

Answer 36

PMR has been shown to decrease physiological stress responses, improve sleep quality, and reduce symptoms of anxiety and tension.

Question 37

What is the relaxation response?

Answer 37

The relaxation response is a physiological state of deep relaxation that counteracts the effects of stress by lowering heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol levels.

Question 38

What techniques can activate the relaxation response?

Answer 38

Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and guided imagery can activate the relaxation response to improve overall well-being.

Question 39

What is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)?

Answer 39

MBSR is an evidence-based program that combines mindfulness meditation and yoga to reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.

Question 40

What are the effects of MBSR?

Answer 40

Research suggests that MBSR is effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and chronic pain.

Question 41

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?

Answer 41

CBT is a widely used psychological treatment that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors to improve mental health.

Question 42

What disorders is CBT effective in treating?

Answer 42

CBT is effective in treating stress-related disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD, by teaching coping strategies and cognitive restructuring techniques.

Question 43

What is cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM)?

Answer 43

CBSM is a structured program that combines cognitive-behavioral therapy with relaxation techniques to help individuals cope with stress.

Question 44

What are the benefits of CBSM?

Answer 44

This approach is particularly effective in reducing stress-related health risks, such as immune system suppression and cardiovascular problems.

Question 45

What is stress inoculation training?

Answer 45

Stress inoculation training is a cognitive-behavioral technique that helps individuals build resilience by exposing them to manageable levels of stress and teaching coping strategies.

Question 46

What is the purpose of stress inoculation training?

Answer 46

This method is used to prepare individuals for high-stress situations, such as military training or public speaking, by fostering adaptive responses.

Question 47

What is appraised meaning?

Answer 47

Appraised meaning refers to the personal significance an individual assigns to a stressor based on their beliefs, experiences, and values.

Question 48

Why is understanding appraised meaning important?

Answer 48

Understanding appraised meaning helps explain why individuals react differently to the same stressful event, depending on their interpretation.

Question 49

What is expressive writing?

Answer 49

Expressive writing is a therapeutic technique in which individuals write about their thoughts and emotions related to stressful experiences.

Question 50

What are the benefits of expressive writing?

Answer 50

Research suggests that expressive writing can improve mental and physical health by promoting emotional processing and reducing stress-related symptoms.

Question 51

What is emotional disclosure?

Answer 51

Emotional disclosure involves openly expressing feelings about a stressful or traumatic experience, either through writing, talking, or artistic expression.

Question 52

What are the effects of emotional disclosure?

Answer 52

Studies indicate that emotional disclosure can enhance emotional well-being, strengthen social support, and reduce the negative physiological effects of stress.

Question 53

What is meaning-focused coping?

Answer 53

Meaning-focused coping involves finding purpose or positive meaning in stressful situations, often by reframing experiences or relying on personal values.

Question 54

What are the psychological benefits of meaning-focused coping?

Answer 54

This strategy is associated with greater psychological well-being and resilience, particularly in individuals facing chronic illness or life challenges.