Chapter 5

Question 1

What can be evidence of how socialization has a powerful affect on humans?

Answer 1

The fact that people from different cultures are born with similar potential (blank slate), yet end up having such different life experience

Question 2

What is a sensitive period?

Answer 2

A period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire a set of skills

Question 3

What are sensitive periods evidence of?

Answer 3

The universal human brain is preprogrammed to learn cultural meanings

Question 4

When it comes to language acquisition, what happens to infants within their first year?

Answer 4

They begin to lose the ability to distinguish phenomes that aren’t used in their home language

Question 5

What do MRIs show when bilinguals who learned a second language later in life show vs. bilinguals who learned their second language early in life?

Answer 5

Later-life bilinguals showed activation in one part of the brain for one language and a different part of the brain for the second language.
Early-life bilinguals show activation in both locations in the brain no matter what language they were hearing

Question 6

What do MRI studies of later-life vs. early-life bilinguals suggest?

Answer 6

The language center of the brain is more flexible at attuning itself to various kinds of linguistic input during the sensitive period and it is no longer plastic after the sensitive period ends

Question 7

What is the age that the sensitive period for cultural acquisition ends (proposed by Heine)

Answer 7

15

Question 8

What did Heine’s study of Hong Kong immigrants to Vancouver show in terms of acculturation and sensitive periods?

Answer 8

No Ps identified less with their Chinese culture. However, Ps 15 and younger identified more with Canadian culture and those who have lived in Canada longer (20yrs) identified more with Canadian culture than those who have lived in Canada a relatively short time (5yrs)

Question 9

How do cross-cultural psychological differences change with age?

Answer 9

Young children are generally universally more similar and the cultural differences become more pronounced with age

Question 10

How do Chinese children and Canadian children compare when thinking about future trends?

Answer 10

They think similarly at age 7, divergence at age 9, slightly more pronounced difference at age 11. Chinese children were more likely to expect a trend reversal than Canadian children

Question 11

How do Western/European mothers compare to other cultures with infant personal space and interactions

Answer 11

European mothers spend less time in bodily contact with their babies but more time in face-to-face contact.
Western mothers were more responsive to infants’ vocalizations, more likely to mirror facial expressions, more interactive with their infants.

Question 12

How do Western babies compare no non-Western babies in self-recognition (mirror) tests? Why?

Answer 12

Western babies can identify themselves at an earlier age (19mo) than Cameroonian babies. This is possibly because of Western mothers mimicking facial expressions.

Question 13

Infants in some regions of Africa, the Caribbean, and India receive daily massages and exercises. How does this impact their development?

Answer 13

They tend to sit and walk earlier than those who do not get massages or an exercise regime

Question 14

What is co-sleeping?

Answer 14

Children sleeping in the same beds as their parents

Question 15

How common is co-sleeping globally?

Answer 15

Over two-thirds of societies practice co-sleeping. The others usually keep the baby in the same room.
American parents were the only ones to put babies in a separate room from them.

Question 16

What were the four principles that Indian Ps were guided by in the sleeping arrangement study?

Answer 16

Incest avoidance; protection of the vulnerable; female chastity anxiety; respect for hierarchy

Question 17

What is incest avoidance? (sleeping arrangement study)

Answer 17

Postpubescent family members of the opposite sex should not sleep in the same room; must avoid all situations where there may be sexual temptations or suspicions about sexual conduct

Question 18

What is protection of the vulnerable? (sleeping arrangement study)

Answer 18

Young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night

Question 19

What is female chastity anxiety? (sleeping arrangement study)

Answer 19

Unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity, they should always be chaperoned; to ensure that young women will be chaste at marriage

Question 20

What is respect for hierarchy? (sleeping arrangement study)

Answer 20

Adolescent boys achieve social status by not having to sleep with parents or young children; social superiority is expressed through deference and distance which is incompatible with the intimacy, familiarity, and exposure of co-sleeping

Question 21

What were the three principles that American Ps were guided by in the sleeping arrangement study?

Answer 21

Incest avoidance, the sacred couple, the autonomy ideal

Question 22

What is the “sacred couple?” (sleeping arrangement study)

Answer 22

Married couples should have their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy; for the sake of interpersonal commitment, couples should sleep together and alone (not observed by many cultures outside of Westerners)

Question 23

What is the autonomy ideal?

Answer 23

Children are needy and fragile and should be encouraged to be alone at night so they can learn to be self-reliant, independent, and to take care of themselves

Question 24

What is Attachment Theory?

Answer 24

A proposal that infants and parents are biologically prepared to establish close attachments with each other

Question 25

How does an infant with secure attachment preform in the Strange Situation?

Answer 25

Occasionally seeks the mother when she is around and seeks her presence more after being left alone; the infant is confident and explores a new environment with the mother present

Question 26

How does an infant with avoidant attachment preform in the Strange Situation?

Answer 26

Show little distress in their mother's absence and avoids her upon her return

Question 27

How does an infant with anxious-ambivalent attachment preform in the Strange Situation?

Answer 27

Shows frequent distress when their mother is present or absent; sometimes wants to be near their mother but often pushes her away

Question 28

What is the most common attachment style and seen as the "ideal" amongst Americans?

Answer 28

Secure attachment

Question 29

What are some limitations to attachment theory?

Answer 29

1. The Strange Situation may not have meaning everywhere because of differences in the behaviors of mothers and children. 2. Because other attachment styles are seen with some regularity, they may by functional and, therefore, secure attachment isn't necessarily the ideal. 3. The ideal (and most common) attachment style cross-culturally isn't always secure attachment 4. The three attachment styles aren't universal

Question 30

What is the most common attachment style and the "ideal" amongst northern Germans?

Answer 30

Avoidant attachment

Question 31

What attachment style is not seen in Japanese children or Dogon children?

Answer 31

Avoidant attachment

Question 32

How does being raised by a group as opposed to a single caregiver (mother) affect a child's development?

Answer 32

A child who is raised by multiple people (multiple caregivers) show less stranger anxiety.

Question 33

What is authoritarian parenting?

Answer 33

High demands on children, strict rules, little open dialogue; low levels of warmth and responsiveness; parent-centered

Question 34

What is authoritative parenting?

Answer 34

Child-centered; high expectations of children's maturity, encourage independence within limits, trying to understand and teaching how to regulate feelings; high levels of warmth, responsiveness and democratic reasoning

Question 35

What is permissive parenting?

Answer 35

High levels of warmth and responsiveness, few limits or controls; parents very involved, lots of open dialogue

Question 36

What is neglectful parenting?

Answer 36

Cold, unresponsive and indifferent parents.

Question 37

What parenting style leads to the most desirable outcomes in Western populations?

Answer 37

Authoritative parenting

Question 38

What are some limitations to Baumrind's categorization of parenting styles?

Answer 38

1. It doesn't accurately reflect parenting styles from different cultures 2. To closely tied to Western understanding of development 3. Some cultures show different styles of parenting in different stages of a child's development 4. Warmth and responsiveness is communicated differently across cultures (implicit vs. explicit) 5. Doesn't discuss the role of training in many non-Western parenting styles 6. Parenting styles that are dominant in a culture have better outcomes, no matter what that style is

Question 39

What is the role of training in Chinese parenting styles?

Answer 39

Core part of Chinese parenting; making sure children adhere to socially desired behaviors; includes being a role model, devotion, and sacrifice as a parent

Question 40

What is noun bias?

Answer 40

Children's tendency to learn nouns first, and more relative to verbs and other relational verbs; Children's tendency to think more about nouns than other forms of words

Question 41

Why does noun bias occur according to researchers?

Answer 41

Nouns are more noticeable, more concrete, easier to isolate from the environment

Question 42

Is noun bias seen universally? Give an example

Answer 42

No. Chinese toddlers use more verbs than nouns

Question 43

Why may noun bias not be universal?

Answer 43

The English language makes nouns more salient than East Asian languages; English tends to put nouns at the ends of sentences whereas East Asian languages tend to put verbs at the ends of sentences; Korean allows for nouns to be dropped from some sentences altogether; Westerners seeing the world analytically and objects as discrete, East Asians seeing world holistically

Question 44

Are the "terrible twos" seen universally?

Answer 44

No. Not in cultures that don't emphasize individualism and independence at that age; not in interdependent cultures (defiance seen as immature)

Question 45

What defines the "terrible twos" in Western culture?

Answer 45

Increase in resistant, oppositional behavior; children asserting autonomy and individuality; seen as the foundation for future mature relationships

Question 46

How is adolescence viewed in Western culture?

Answer 46

Period of "storm and stress;" acts of rebellion against authority; emotional stress; increased risk taking; an especially violent stage of life

Question 47

Is adolescent rebellion universal?

Answer 47

No. Majority of cultures don't expect teens to be disobedient, even less so violent

Question 48

What two factors have been shown to increase the difficulties of adolescence?

Answer 48

Individualism and modernity.

Question 49

How does individualism relate to difficult adolescence?

Answer 49

Teens view parental control as a constraint they must resist; more conflict between adolescents and parents in individualist societies; delay in taking on adult roles ("failure to launch")

Question 50

How does modernity relate to difficult adolescence?

Answer 50

There are so many opportunities and adult roles for teens to learn in modern society while being kept from adults, it can be overwhelming

Question 51

What is the period after adolescence known as?

Answer 51

Emerging adulthood

Question 52

In the study comparing educated people to less educated people, how did the two groups differ in categorizing objects?

Answer 52

Educated Ps used analytic reasoning and knowledge of taxonomic categorization to group together like objects (e.g. tools), whereas less educated Ps could not and thought about how the objects could be used together

Question 53

What are some explanations for the disparity between American and East Asian school math test results?

Answer 53

1. East Asian children spend more days in school, more time in school for math, more math homework 2. Asian parents view education as more central to children's lives, more involved in their kid's learning 3. East Asian mothers have higher expectations for their children's education performance, American mothers expectations decreased with age 4. There are more unique number words in English for kids to learn

Question 54

Exposure to a language at a young age affects the ability to discriminate between different sounds because...

Answer 54

infants as young as 12 months differ in their perception of some phonemes compared to those raised to speak a different language

Question 55

A noun bias refers to what?

Answer 55

The first words children learn are usually nouns rather than other kinds of words

Question 56

Which of the following statements about adolescence is not true? a. Adolescence is a life stage that is not universally recognized in all cultures. b. Societies with more traditional roles tend to have less adolescent rebellion. c. Adolescence is viewed as a violent period of life in only a minority of preindustrial societies. d. Individualistic cultures tend to have more adolescent rebellion than collectivistic cultures. e. All of the above are true.

Answer 56

a

Question 57

Lee Hom and Eason, age 25, are Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after living in Hong Kong all their lives. Based on research into a sensitive period for culture acquisition, what best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

Answer 57

The younger they are when they move to Canada, the more they identify with being Chinese