Chapter 5 Flashcards
Operational definition (measurements of) consciousness
Self-reports
- direct but not verifiable
Physiological
- are objective but cannot indicate what a person is experiencing subjectively
Behavioural
- performance on tasks
- need to infer the state of mind
Cognitive perspective of consciousness
How mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, remembering, and problem solving are involved in our conscious experience
Psychodynamic perspective of consciousness
Sigmund Freud
Focuses on the idea that much of our mental life is unconscious
Circadian rhythm
24-hour cycle of biological activity
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A small region located in the hypothalamus
Plays a critical role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms
Stage 1 sleep
Theta waves- slow and irregular
Light sleep, lasts 5 minutes Heart rate and breathing slows
Sudden body jerks and hallucinations
Stage 2 sleep
Deeper sleep lasts 20 minutes
Clearly asleep, more relaxed
Sleep spindles (bursts of rapid brain wave activity)
Sleep talking
Stage 3 sleep
Sleep deepens
Hard to awaken
Heart rate and breathing very slow
Appearance of delta waves (slow wave sleep)
Sleepwalking can occur
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement
Lots of brain activity
Heart rate and breathing become rapid
Dreaming occurs
The body is essentially paralyzed
Paradoxical sleep
REM bound
Refers to a state where rapid eye movement sleep becomes more easily triggered or bound to certain sleep patterns or cycles
Brain waves and sleep
Alpha waves (relaxed wakefulness)
Beta waves (wakefulness)
Theta waves (stage 1/2)
Delta waves (stage 3/4)
Insomnia
Chronic difficulty falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Extreme daytime sleepiness
Sleep apnea
Interruptions or pauses in breathing during sleep
REM behaviour disorder
Loss of muscle tone that causes REM sleep paralysis is absent
Sleeper may “act out” dreams: punch kick move wildly
Biological dream theory
Focuses on the idea that dreams are a product of the brains biological processes during sleep
Cognitive dream theory
Suggest that dreams are a reflection of our cognitive processes, particularly our thoughts, emotions, and problem solving abilities
Sigmund freud
That dreams are a manifestation of unconscious desires, thoughts, and emotions
Addiction, tolerance, and dependence
Different stages and effects of drug use, particularly when it becomes problematic. These terms refer to the physical, psychological, and behavioural effects of using substances in way that may negatively impact a persons health, relationship, and overall functioning
Depressant drugs (downers)
Suppress central nervous system activity
GABA agonist
Calming/relaxing effect
Stimulant drugs (uppers)
Increase neural activity
Dopamine agonist
Stimulating effect
Hallucinogens
Alters sensory and perceptual experience
Glutamate antagonist/ serotonin agonist
Opioid drugs
Analgesic property (reduce pain)
Mimic natural opioids
Euphoria
