Chapter 5

Question 1

how many subshells does the 1st electron shell have

Answer 1

1 (1s)

Question 2

how many subshells does the 2nd electron shell have

Answer 2

2 (2s,2p)

Question 3

what are the letters given to the 1st 4 sub shells

Answer 3

s,p,d,f

Question 4

what shape is the s-orbital

Answer 4

spherical

Question 5

what shape is the p orbital

Answer 5

dumbbell shaped

Question 6

how many orbitals does an s sub shell have

Answer 6

1

Question 7

how many orbitals does a p sub shell have

Answer 7

3

Question 8

how many orbitals does a d sub shell have

Answer 8

5

Question 9

heisenbergs uncertainty principle

definition of an orbital

Answer 9

a region of space where there is a 95% probability of finding the electron

or

a region around the nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons, with opposite spins

Question 10

what does the pauli exclusion principle state?

Answer 10

-each orbital may contain no more than 2 electrons
- electrons have spin - either up or down
- the spins of electrons in the same orbital must be opposite

Question 11

what is the total no. of electrons in the 1st shell

Answer 11

2

1s = 1 orbital x 2 electrons
= 2

Question 12

how many electrons are in the 2nd shell in total

Answer 12

8

2s = 2 electrons x 1 orbital
2p = 2 electrons x 3 orbitals
= 2+6 = 8

Question 13

how many electrons can each orbital take?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

what is hunds rule

Answer 14

single electrons occupy all empty orbitals within a sub level before they start to form pairs in orbitals

Question 15

what is the aufball principle

Answer 15

orbitals are filled from the lowest energy level upwards
*not energy shell order

Question 16

what needs to be remembered when giving the elecrostatic config of a transition ion in period 4?

Answer 16

remove electrons from 4s orbital before 3d orbitals

Question 17

what is an ionic bond

Answer 17

electrostatic attraction between a positive metal ion and a negative non metal ion

Question 18

what structure do all ionic substances form

Answer 18

giant ionic lattice

Question 19

what is a covalent bond

Answer 19

the strong electrostatic attraction between the binded pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
* also is directional

Question 20

what is dative covalent bonding?

Answer 20

• also referred to as coordinate bonding
• a shared pair of electrons but both have been provided by one of the bonding atoms only

Question 21

what is the octet rule

Answer 21

atoms need to gain, lose or share electrons when they combine with other other atoms to acquire a stable octet of electrons

exceptions:
- not enough electrons to reach octet
- expansion of octet

Question 22

what determines covalent bond strength

Answer 22

• how much the outer atomic orbitals of the bonded atoms overlap
• how strongly the atomic nuclei are attracted to the shared electrons

Question 23

how is covalent bond strength measured?
what is this known as?

Answer 23

the energy required to break it
average bond enthalpy

stronger bond = higher average bond enthalpy

Question 24

what is a covalent bond

Answer 24

strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of bonded atoms

Question 25

what does 'isoelectronic' mean?

Answer 25

having the same number of electrons