Chapter 5

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. We most often describe personality in terms of the measurable traits a person exhibits.

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

Factors determined at conception; one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup.

Question 3

Personality Traits

Answer 3

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. The more consistent the characteristic over time and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important the trait is in describing the individual.

Question 4

Conscientiousness

Answer 4

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Question 5

Big Five Model

Answer 5

A personality assessment model that describes five basic dimensions of personality.

Question 6

Emotional Stability

Answer 6

A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

Question 7

Extraversion

Answer 7

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive.

Question 8

Openness to Experience

Answer 8

A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.

Question 9

Agreeableness

Answer 9

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Question 10

Dark Triad

Answer 10

A constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

Question 11

Machiavellianism

Answer 11

The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. By manipulating others to their advantage, win in the short term at a job, but they lose those gains in the long term because they are not well liked.

Question 12

Narcissism

Answer 12

The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and possess a sense of entitlement.

Question 13

Psychopathy

Answer 13

The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.

Question 14

Core self-evaluation (CSE)

Answer 14

Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

Question 15

Self-Monitoring

Answer 15

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

Question 16

Proactive Personality

Answer 16

People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

Question 17

Situation Strength Theory

Answer 17

A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation. Strong situations show us what the right behavior is, pressure us to exhibit it, and discourage the wrong behavior. Strong situations show us what the right behavior is, pressure us to exhibit it, and discourage the wrong behavior. Thus, personality traits better predict behavior in weak situations than in strong ones.

Question 18

What are the 4 elements (C’s) in assessing situational strength?

Answer 18

Clarity
Consistency
Constraints
Consequences

Question 19

Trait Activation Theory

Answer 19

A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others.

Question 20

Values

Answer 20

Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.

They have both content and intensity attributes. The content attribute says a mode of conduct or end-state of existence is important. The intensity attribute specifies how important it is.

Question 21

Value System

Answer 21

A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

Question 22

Terminal Values

Answer 22

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime; the ends

Question 23

Instrumental Values

Answer 23

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values; the means.

Question 24

Personality–Job Fit Theory

Answer 24

A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Question 25

The Six Personality–Job Fit Theory Types

Answer 25

Question 26

Person–Organization Fit

Answer 26

A theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave when there is no compatibility.

Question 27

Hofstede’s Framework

Answer 27

Hofstede’s Framework - surveyed more than 116,000 IMB employees in the 1970s. Found that managers and employees varied on five value dimensions of national culture: Power distance Individualism vs Collectivism Masculinity vs Femininity Uncertainty avoidance Long-term versus short-term orientation

Question 28

Power Distance

Answer 28

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. A high rating on power distance means large inequalities of power and wealth exist and are tolerated in the culture, as in a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility. A low power distance rating characterizes societies that stress equality and opportunity.

Question 29

Individualism

Answer 29

A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.

Question 30

Collectivism

Answer 30

A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Question 31

Masculinity

Answer 31

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Question 32

Femininity

Answer 32

A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Question 33

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 33

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them. In cultures scoring high on uncertainty avoidance, people have increased anxiety about uncertainty and ambiguity and use laws and controls to reduce uncertainty. People in cultures low on uncertainty avoidance are more accepting of ambiguity, are less rule oriented, take more risks, and accept change more readily.

Question 34

Long-Term Orientation

Answer 34

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence. Traditional.

Question 35

Short-Term Orientation

Answer 35

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change. Non-Traditional.