Chapter 5

Question 1

___ is the process that detects stimuli from our body and our environment.

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

____ is the process that organizes sensations into meaningful objects and events.

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

Our sensory organs convert the physical properties of sound, light, and other kinds of stimuli into neural impulses. This conversion process is called ______, and it takes place at structures called sensory receptors.

Answer 3

transduction

Question 4

One important fact to remember is that an individual can be aware of a stimulus in his or her environment only if he or she has ______ receptors that can transduce it.

Answer 4

sensory

Question 5

Sensory Receptors for Each Primary Sense

Answer 5

Vision	
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Touch

Question 6

Our Senses Vary in Their _____ Thresholds

Answer 6

Sensitivity

Question 7

_______ threshold - the lowest level of intensity of a given stimulus that a person can detect half the time.

Answer 7

Absolute

Question 8

Absolute thresholds can _____ across individuals.

Answer 8

vary

Question 9

As people age, their absolute thresholds for all senses increase, which means that ______ is necessary to detect stimuli.

Answer 9

greater stimulation

Question 10

__________ explains how detection of a stimulus is influenced by an observer’s decision-making strategy or criterion.

Answer 10

Signal detection theory

Question 11

Two important factors that shape this decision making are:

Answer 11

The observer’s expectations about the probability that the stimulus will occur, and
The rewards and costs associated with detecting or not detecting the stimulus.

Question 12

One major contribution of signal-detection theory is that it points out that we do not have ________for a given sense.

Answer 12

a single absolute threshold

Question 13

In addition to detecting a __________, we often must detect changes in the _____ of a stimulus or discriminate between _____.

Answer 13

weak stimulus, intensity, two similar stimuli.

Question 14

____ law - a weak or ____ stimulus does ________ before a person notices that the stimulus has changed, but a strong or ___ stimulus requires a ____ before the change is noticed.

Answer 14

Weber’s, small, not require much change,

Large, proportionately greater change

Question 15

Our _____ Receptors Adapt toUnchanging Stimuli

Answer 15

Sensory

Question 16

Sensory _____ occurs when our sensory receptors decrease in responsiveness to stimuli that ____

Answer 16

adaptation, continue without change.

Question 17

Light Passes through the _____before Focusing on the Retina

Answer 17

Cornea, Pupil, and Lens

Question 18

Visual abnormalities can affect visual acuity, or the sharpness of the visual image at the retina.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Visual Information from Both Eyes Is Transmitted to Both ____.

Answer 19

Brain Hemispheres

Question 20

Color doesn’t exist in the world ___

Answer 20

– it is all in our heads

Question 21

Psychophysics is the study of how physical stimuli are translated into ______.

Answer 21

psychological experience.

Question 22

Cross-cultural research indicates that there is a universally shared ____ for experiencing color among humans.

Answer 22

physiological basis

Question 23

The _____ theory of color perception proposes there are ____ types of color receptors in the retina (cones) that produce the primary color sensations of ____

Answer 23

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic, three. red, green, and blue.

Question 24

By combining different stimulation levels from these_______ receptors, our visual system produces a multitude of_____.

Answer 24

three color, different color levels

Question 25

Trichromatic theory provides a partial explanation for color-blindness its _______

Answer 25

nonfunctioning cones

Question 26

Opponent-process theory, proposed by _____ proposed that bipolar and ganglion cells in the ______ process light waves in terms of pairs of opposing ____.

Answer 26

Ewald Hering, retina and thalamus, colors

Question 27

Opponent-process theory also explains certain aspects of color blindness that cannot be explained by trichromatic theory Some “color blindness” involves loss of ability to perceive ______.

Answer 27

pairs of colors rather than just one color.

Question 28

____ is the relative constancy of perceived color under different conditions of ______.

Answer 28

Color constancy, illumination

Question 29

_____ depends on a wave of pressure created when an object vibrates. The vibration causes molecules in an_____ medium, such as air, water, or solid material, to move away from the vibrating image as sound waves.

Answer 29

Sound, elastic, waves.

Question 30

Perceiving the location of sound ______ is the ability to locate objects in space Based on when sound waves reach our ears, which ear receives it first, loudest, etc.

Answer 30

Sound localization

Question 31

_____ theories attempt to explain how the auditory system converts sound waves into perceptions of ___:

Answer 31

Three, pitch

Question 32

____ theory - pitch is determined by which place along the ________ is most activated

Answer 32

Place, cochlea’s basilar membrane

Question 33

______ theory - pitch is determined by the frequency with which the_____.

Answer 33

Frequency, basilar membrane vibrates.

Question 34

____ theory - ____ work in groups and ____firing, thus achieving a combined frequency corresponding to the frequency of the sound wave.

Answer 34

Volley,neurons, alternate

Question 35

The Two General Types of ____

Answer 35

Hearing Impairment

Question 36

_______ is hearing loss that is present at birth.

Answer 36

Congenital hearing loss

Question 37

_____ is caused by abnormalities in one or more areas of the auditory system

Answer 37

Conduction hearing loss

Question 38

The ear can be divided into three major parts: | ___ ___ ___

Answer 38

The outer ear The middle ear The inner ear

Question 39

The main parts of the inner ear are: | ___ ___ ___

Answer 39

The oval window The cochlea The organ of Corti

Question 40

____ and ___ are classified as higher senses in humans, meaning they are extremely important to our survival.

Answer 40

Hearing, vision

Question 41

In contrast, the senses of taste, ___ ___ ___ ___ are classified as minor senses because they are not considered as crucial to sustaining life.

Answer 41

taste, smell, touch, and proprioception

Question 42

__ ___ Represent “Far” and “Near” Chemical Senses

Answer 42

Smell and Taste

Question 43

_____ is the sense of smell, and its stimuli are airborne molecules.

Answer 43

Olfaction, airborne

Question 44

____ ____ occurs when a substance makes contact with specialized receptor cells in the mouth and throat.

Answer 44

Taste or gustation

Question 45

The taste buds on the surface of the tongue are grouped together in structures called

Answer 45

papillae

Question 46

Touch or the ___ Senses— Pressure, Temperature, and Pain

Answer 46

Skins

Question 47

Pressure: ____

Answer 47

touch

Question 48

Temperature: _____

Answer 48

receptors are located in the skin

Question 49

Pain: ___

Answer 49

not well understood but critical to survival

Question 50

Not well understood; no pain center in the brain | _____ theory: _-fibers and _-fibers

Answer 50

Gate-control theory: L-fibers and S-fibers

Question 51

L-fibers are____ and transmit sharp pain signals and close the pain “gate”

Answer 51

fast,sharp

Question 52

S-fibers are ____and transmit dull and burning pain

Answer 52

slow, dull

Question 53

Tolerance – ___ and____ factors

Answer 53

genetics and psychological factors

Question 54

The ___ Detect Body Movement and Location

Answer 54

Proprioceptive Senses

Question 55

Two proprioceptive senses | _____ & ____.

Answer 55

Kinesthetic,Vestibular

Question 56

_____ sense provides information about the ______ of body parts with respect to one another.

Answer 56

Kinesthetic ,movement and location

Question 57

_____ sense (or equilibrium) provides information on the position of the body in space—especially the head—by sensing_____

Answer 57

Vestibular , gravity and motion.

Question 58

_____ is a rare and extraordinary sensory condition in which people perceive stimuli in ______.

Answer 58

Synesthesia, other senses,colored hearing.

Question 59

According to Gestalt psychologists, our perceptions are not to be understood as the mind passively responding to a cluster of individual sensations, but rather, as the mind actively organizing ___ stimuli into a _____, or gestalt.

Answer 59

sensory stimuli into a coherent whole, or gestalt.

Question 60

____ perception is the process by which sensations are organized into meaningful _____

Answer 60

Form,shapes and patterns.

Question 61

One basic rule of form perception is the figure-ground relationship.

Answer 61

figure-ground relationship. i

Question 62

figure-ground relationship.

Answer 62

Gestalt principle that when people focus on an object in their perceptual field, they automatically distinguish it from its surroundings.

Question 63

Sensory Stimuli Are Organized into a Gestalt through Form Perception, Depth Perception, and Perceptual Constancy

Answer 63

``` Similarity: Proximity: Continuity: Connectedness: Closure: Common fate: ```

Question 64

____perception is the ability to perceive objects ____-dimensionally. depends on the use of both binocular cues and monocular cues.

Answer 64

Depth, three

Question 65

Monocular cues

Answer 65

Interposition,Familiar size: Linear perspective: Texture gradients: Atmospheric blur:Height in the field of view,Light and shadow,Motion parallax

Question 66

_____ is the tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable despite continually changing sensory information.

Answer 66

Perceptual constancy, changing

Question 67

is a misperception of physical reality often due to the misapplication of perceptual principles.

Answer 67

A perceptual illusion