Chapter 5

Question 1

What is the largest system of the body in terms of surface area?

Answer 1

Integumentary system

Question 2

What two parts make up the integument?

Answer 2

cutaneous membrane (skin), accessory structures (hair, glands, nails)

Question 3

What are the 3 components of the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 3

1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. hypodermis

Question 4

Where do accessory structures originate?

Answer 4

the dermis and extend through the epidermis to the skin surface

Question 5

What is the epidermis made of?

Answer 5

superficial epithelium

Question 6

What is the dermis made of?

Answer 6

connective tissues

Question 7

What is the hypodermis made of?

Answer 7

loose connective tissue

Question 8

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 8

1. protection (physical barrier)
2. excretion (exocrine glands)
3. maintenance (body temp through insulation and evaporation)
4. production of melanin, keratin
5. synthesis of vitamin D3
6. storage of lipids
7. detection

Question 9

What are the cells of the epidermis?

hint: they are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

Answer 9

keratinocytes

Question 10

What type of skin covers most of the body and how many layers does it have?

Answer 10

thin skin; 4

Question 11

What type of skin covers the palms of hands and soles of feet and how many layers does it have?

Answer 11

thick skin; 5

Question 12

What are the 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin from bottom to top?

Answer 12

1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum

Question 13

What is the top layer of the skin?

Answer 13

stratum corneum

Question 14

What is the clear layer of skin found only in thick skin?

Answer 14

stratum lucidum

Question 15

What is the non-dividing layer of skin?

Answer 15

stratum granulosum

Question 16

What is the layer of skin that replicates to form keratinocytes and dendritic?

Answer 16

stratum spinosum

Question 17

What is the layer of skin that replenishes dead cells?

Answer 17

stratum basale

Question 18

What is keratinization?

Answer 18

The process that

1. forms a layer of dead, protective cells
2. occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
3. takes 15-30 days for a cell to completely move through the cycle

Question 19

What are the 2 kinds of perspiration?

Answer 19

insensible and sensible

Question 20

What is insensible perspiration?

Answer 20

interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

Question 21

What is sensible perspiration?

Answer 21

water excreted by the sweat glands

Question 22

What 2 pigments influence skin color?

Answer 22

carotene and melanin, as well as blood circulation

Question 23

What is carotene?

Answer 23

orange, yellow pigment that accumulates in the dermis and epidermis and can be converted to vitamin A

Question 24

What is melanin?

Answer 24

brown or black pigment that is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basal; store din transport vesicles and is later transferred to keratinocytes

Question 25

What is the function of melanocytes?

Answer 25

protect the body from UV radiation

Question 26

Increased blood flow does what to the skin?

Answer 26

skin reddens

Question 27

Decreased blood flow does what to the skin and can lead to what?

Answer 27

pale skin; cyanosis

Question 28

What is jaundice?

Answer 28

buildup of bile produced by the liver which causes a yellow color to the skin

Question 29

What are a pituitary tumor and Addison's disease?

Answer 29

diseases of pituitary glands which cause darkening of the skin

Question 30

What is vitiligo?

Answer 30

loss of melanocytes which causes a loss of skin color

Question 31

What is cholecalciferol?

Answer 31

vitamin D3 which is produced by the epidermis in the presence of UV radiation

Question 32

What can happen due to insufficient amounts of vitamin D3?

Answer 32

rickets

Question 33

What is epidermal growth factor? (EGF)

Answer 33

it's a powerful peptide growth factor produced by the glands which accelerates keratin production and stimulates epidermal repair

Question 34

What are the two components of the dermis?

Answer 34

1. outer papillary layer | 2. deep reticular layer

Question 35

What does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of?

Answer 35

areolar tissue which contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

Question 36

What does the reticular layer of the dermis consist of?

Answer 36

dense irregular connective tissue which contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

Question 37

What is dermatitis?

Answer 37

inflammation of the papillary layer of skin which causes itching and pain

Question 38

Skin damage to the dermis is caused by:

Answer 38

dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure

Question 39

What is the cutaneous plexus?

Answer 39

a network of arteries along the reticular layer of skin

Question 40

What is the papillary plexus?

Answer 40

a capillary network from small arteries in the papillary layer

Question 41

What is the venous plexus?

Answer 41

a capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

Question 42

What is a contusion?

Answer 42

damage to blood vessels resulting in black and blue bruising

Question 43

What do nerve fibers in the skin control?

Answer 43

blood flow, gland secretions, sensory receptors

Question 44

What does the hypodermis do, what is it made of, and where does it lie?

Answer 44

stabilizes the skin and allows separate movement. lies below the integument. made of elastic, areolar, and adipose tissues.

Question 45

The hypodermic contains _______.

Answer 45

deposits of subcutaneous fat

Question 46

What are the functions of hair?

Answer 46

1. protect and insulate 2. guards openings against particles and insects 3. is sensitive to very light touch

Question 47

Where is the hair follicle located and what does it do?

Answer 47

1. located deep in the dermis 2. produces nonliving hairs 3. wrapped in dense connective tissue sheath 4. base is surrounded by sensory nerves

Question 48

What is the lower part of the hair called?

Answer 48

hair root (attached to integument)

Question 49

What is the upper part of the hair called?

Answer 49

hair shaft (not attached to the integument)

Question 50

Where does hair production begin?

Answer 50

base of a hair follicle, deep in the dermis

Question 51

The ________ contains capillaries and nerves.

Answer 51

hair papilla

Question 52

The _______ produces hair matrix.

Answer 52

Hair bulb

Question 53

What is the hair bulb and what does it do?

Answer 53

it's a layer of dividing basal cells which produces hair structure and pushes hair up and out of skin

Question 54

As hair is produced, it is_______.

Answer 54

keratinized

Question 55

_____ contains flexible, soft keratin.

Answer 55

medulla

Question 56

_____ & ______ contain stiff, hard keratin.

Answer 56

cortex; cuticle

Question 57

What type of hair is soft and fine and covers the body surface?

Answer 57

vellus hair

Question 58

What type of hair is heavy and pigmented and covers the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes?

Answer 58

terminal hair

Question 59

What produces hair color?

Answer 59

melanocytes

Question 60

What do the sebaceous glands secrete?

Answer 60

sebum

Question 61

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

Answer 61

1. apocrine | 2. merocrine (watery secretions)

Question 62

What do the ceruminuous glands produce?

Answer 62

cerumen (earwax)

Question 63

What controls the sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 63

automatic nervous system

Question 64

What controls the merocrine sweat glands?

Answer 64

they are controlled independently

Question 65

What happens to the integument following an injury?

Answer 65

1. bleeding occurs 2. mast cells trigger inflammatory response 3. a scab forms 4. germinative cells migrate around the wound 5. macrophages clean the area 6. fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue

Question 66

What do fibroblasts produce following an injury?

Answer 66

scar tissue