Chapter 5 Flashcards
(85 cards)
0
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
Cranial and spinal nerves and branches
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Q
Central Nervous System
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consists of brain and spinal cord
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2 types of cells in the NS
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neurons and neuroglial cells
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Q
5x more __________ cells than __________
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neuroglial
neurons
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afferent neurons
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sensory
inform CNS about conditions in both the external and internal environment
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efferent neurons
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motor
-carry instructions from CNS to effector organs - muscles and glands
6
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interneurons: found entirely in the ______
A
CNS
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interneurons
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responsible for integrating afferent information and formulating an efferent response
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Q
interneurons: higher ___________
A
mental functioning - “the mind”
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Q
nuclei
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collection of neuronal cell bodies in CNS
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ganglia
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collection of neuronal cell bodies in PNS
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afferent is ___________
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towards
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efferent is ___________
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away
13
Q
astrocytes
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neuroglial cells in the CNS
- “end feet” aid in establishment of BBB
- star shaped
- take up extra K+ in ECF
- “ION SINK”
- helps with synaptic transmission
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Q
oligodendrocytes
A
- neuroglial cells in the CNS
- form myelin sheaths (white matter)
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microglia
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- neuroglial cells in the CNS
- phagocytes of CNS
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ependymal cells
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- neuroglial cells in the CNS
- form tissue, line ventricles of the brain
- help form and circulate CSF
- have cilia (helps circulate CSF in the ventricles
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BBB - functions
A
protects brain from chemical fluctuations in blood
- minimizes possibility that harmful blood-borne substances might reach central nervous tissue
- limits use of drugs for treatment of brain and spinal cord disorders
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Q
______ protects brain from chemical fluctuations in blood
A
BBB
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Q
4 main parts of the brain
A
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
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brain stem
A
vegetative functions
- oldest region of the brain
- continuous with spinal cord
- controls many life-sustaining processes such as respiration, circulation, and digestion
- most cranial nerves arise from brain stem
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oldest region of the brain
A
brain stem
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Q
controls processes such as respiration, digestion, and circulation
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brain stem
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Q
anything above foramen magnum is ________
A
brain stem
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anything below foramen magnum is ___________
spinal cord
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wakefulness/arousal - _____________ system
reticular activating system
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sensory info is _________ brain
towards
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motor information is ____________ brain
away from
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medulla oblongata - structure
long, white narrow structure
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medulla oblongata - cardiovascular system
controls heart rate, SA node = pacemaker of the heart (controls heart rate)
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medulla oblongata - respiratory center
rhythm of breathing; contains pacemaker cells
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pons - structure
rounded bulge above medulla
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Pons
pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
| helps medulla oblongata control respiration
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pneumotaxic
expiration
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apneustic
inspiration
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midbrain - structure
above pons - cerebral aqueduct passes through here
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midbrain - contains ______ areas
reflex
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midbrain - corpora quadrigemina
4 rounded bumps that are reflex centers for visual and auditory reflexes
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superior colliculi (midbrain)
visual
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inferior colliculi - midbrain
auditory
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midbrain - basal ganglia
act by modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways
- balances IPSPs and EPSPs to aid in movement
- selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement
- helping monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions, especially those related to posture and support
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midbrain - basal ganglia
Receives input from ___________ neurons
substantia nigra
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Cerebellum
maintains proper position of body (coordination of movement
- subconscious coordination of motor activity (movement)
- plays key role in learning skilled motor tasks (ex. playing piano, layup)
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__________ plays key role in learning skilled motor tasks
cerebellum
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subconscious coordination of motor activity is the ___________
cerebellum
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diencephalon - structure and location
- above brainstem
| - contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
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diencephalon - thalamus - strucutre
paired oval masses of gray matter above midbrain, forms lateral walls of the third ventricle
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diencephalon - thalamus (function)
- relay station for sensory information coming from the spinal cord and brainstem; relaying it to the appropriate areas in the brain for interpretation - takes sensory info and sorts it
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relay station of the brain is the _______
thalamus
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the ________ is in the thalamus and receives visual input
Lateral Geniculate nuclei
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the Lateral Geniculate nuclei receives _______ input
visual
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diencephalon - hypothalamus (structure)
inferior to thalamus, pituitary gland found just below
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function of hypothalamus of the diencephalon
plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis; serves as a link between endocrine and nervous systems
- makes 2 hormones
- controls ANS - regulates heart rate, temperature, BP, sleep, feeding, thrist, and rage
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the hypothalamus makes what 2 hormones
oxytocin and ADH for the pituitary to release
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ADH
makes you conserve water
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_______ plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and serves as a link between the endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
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diencephalon - pineal gland
produces melatonin
| - sleep wake cycles
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melatonin is produced from _______
triptophan
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Cerebrum - largest portion of the brain - center for ____________
higher brain activity
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cerebrum - higher brain activity
conscious
thinking
reasoning
memory
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structural terminology of cerebrum
cerebral cortex
2 hemispheres
gyri/convolutions
sulci/fissures
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cerebrum - cerebral cortex
outer layer of grey matter, cell bodies
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the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the ________
corpus callosum
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gyri
bumps
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sulci
grooves or valleys
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lobes of cerebrum - frontal
voluntary motor movement
| - speech, thought, motivation
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lobes of cerebrum - parietal
somatosensory processing (body sensations)
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lobes of cerebrum - temporal
initial processing of auditory input
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lobes of cerebrum - occipital
processing of visual input
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limbic system: responsible for _______
emotion
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limbic system: basic, inborn behavioral patterns related to _________ and perpetuation of the species
survival
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limbic system contains the ___________
nucleus accumbens
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the nucleus accumbens is also called the ________ center
reward
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functional areas of cerebrum: sensory areas - post central gyrus
perception of touch
incoming information crosses over
body map on the cortex - homunculus (little man)
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functional areas of cerebrum: sensory areas - primary visual area
within occipital lobe
| - different areas in the visual cortex are responsible for different aspects of vision (ex. cant recognize faces)
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functional areas of the cerebrum: sensory areas - primary auditory area
within the temporal lobes
| - sounds are mapped to meanings
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contralateral neglect caused by damage to ________ lobe
parietal
| ex. draws only one side of the house
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functional areas of the cerebrum: motor areas - precentral gyrus - primary motor areas
confers voluntary control over skeletal muscles
- left hemi controls right side and vice versa
- amount of cortex determines amount of control = motor homunculus
- proportions reflect relative size of cortex
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functional areas of cerebrum: motor areas - language - Brocca's
- only in left temporal (right above eyebrow)
- motor control for speech
- sends out motor impulses to muscles in tongue for speech
- have difficulty getting the words out (they know what to say but can't)
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Wernicke's area
understandable speech/processing speech (NOT motor area)
- you are talking fine, but not making any sense ("word salad")
- don't realize that you are not making sense
- todo todo todo
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association areas
complex functions like memory, reasoning, judgment, personality, intelligence
- located in many areas
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memory
storage of acquired knowledge for later recall
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short-term memory
lasts for seconds to hours (erasable blackboard)
- transient neural events
- a way so the brain does not get overloaded
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long-term memory
- retained for days to years (not electrical, not APs)
- involves structural and functional changes in neuron connections
- strengthening the connections between neurons
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consolidation
process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores
- the job of the hippocampus
- organizing and storing memories then being able to retrieve them
