Seven Liberal Arts
grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music
trivium
grammar, logic, rhetoric
quadrivium (4)
arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Father of Modern Child Psychology, influenced Dewey
- Children progress through stages of growth and development, and these should serve as a guide for instruction
- Innate goodness of children that society corrupts
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
- Swiss experimental school, contributed to elementary schools
- instruction/curriculum should be selected in light of natural abilities and readiness to learn, concrete to abstract concepts
- Learning enhanced by self-esteem and emotional security, especially poor children
Johann Friedrich Herbart
- Father of the Science of Education and of Modern Psychology
- Education should focus on developing moral character
- 5 step system for presenting new material:
- Preparation
- Presentation
- Association
- Generalization
- Application
Joseph Lancaster and the monitorial system
- Developed for crowded schools, so older children could teach younger students
- One teacher instructed hundreds of pupils through student monitors
parochial schools
- Schools in middle colonies based on religious beliefs (NY, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)
- Groups like Irish, Scots, Swedes, Danes, Dutch, Germans started them
horn book
- Used in Dame Schools
- copy of the alphabet covered w/ transparent sheet (made from cow horn), attached to paddle shaped wood for practicing writing letters, etc.
New England Primer
- used in “Reading & Writing Schools”
- First printed in 1690, introduced children to the letters of the alphabet using illustrated woodcuts and rhymes
- large doses of religious warnings on how to conduct life
Massachusetts Act of 1647 (Old Deluder Satan Act)
- Mandated the establishment and support of schools
- Towns with 50+ households had to have paid teacher
- Towns 100+ had to have Latin grammar school to prep for Harvard
- 5 pound fine for town that didn’t obey
Jefferson’s Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge
- State-controlled free elementary schools to teach 3 years of the 3 R’s to white kids
- 20 grammar schools created where poor students could be taught free for 6 years
- Wasn’t passed, but he did found the University of Virginia
Noah Webster’s Blue-Back Speller
- original copies were covered in light blue paper
- to help instill “the first rudiments of the language, some just ideas of religion, morals and domestic economy
- over 24 million copies sold, one of the 1st curriculum guides for elementary grades
Horace Mann and the Common School
o First secretary of a state board of education, champion of common schools
o Led to free, public, locally controlled elementary schools
o Common School Journal
o Advocated that teachers have more than a high school education to teach
normal schools
o First public normal school=July 3 1839 in MA
o General knowledge courses plus courses in pedagogy, & practice in a model school
McGuffey’s readers
o 120 copies sold, 1st-6th grade
o Emphasized virtues like hard work, honesty, truth, charity, obedience
Morrill Land-Grant Act
o Provided federal land for states to sell or to rent in order to raise funds for the est. of college or agriculture and mechanical arts
o 30,000acres for each rep and senator in its delegation in each state
Friedrich Froebel
o Progressive, humanist patterned Kindergarten
o Stressed motor development and self-activity of children before formal schooling
o Play, games, stories, music, language activities
o **Child-centered curriculum materials
Booker T. Washington
o Walked 500 miles to attend high education for African Americans
o First African American instructor
o Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for African Americans
W. E. B. DuBois
o 1st African American w/ PhD & founder for NAACP
o Challenges Booker T Washington
o Called for most talented 10th of African Americans
Committee of Ten
o NEA (Founded 1857) appropriated 10 people to hold 9 conferences to decide high school curriculum to prep for life based in: • Latin • Greek • English • Modern languages • Mathematics • Physics, astronomy, chemistry • Natural history • History, civil government, political science • Geography
Committee of Fifteen
o rejected kindergarten, curriculum synthese & interdisciplinary planning
o stressed 3 R’s, grammar, literature, geography, history
o included hygiene, music, sewing, drawing, cooking, algebra, Latin
o Rejected taking children’s interest into consideration
Committee on College Entrance Requirements
o Standardizing required credits, strengthening college prep
o Developed model for Carnegie Unit
Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
o Report from Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education
o Called for a high school curriculum to accommodate differences in ability
o 7 educational goals “cardinal principles”
