chapter 5

Question 1

How have police responded to charges of racial profiling for traffic stops? Does research validate police assertions?

Answer 1

They have responded to the charges by noting that most aggressive police practices and traffic stops occur in high crime areas, and that high crime areas frequently are inhabited primarily by minorities.

Question 2

When was the term Detective first used ?

Answer 2

In 1840s the London police created a detective unit in 1842

Question 3

Describe KuyKendalls (1986) Historical periods of Criminal Investigation

Answer 3

1. Detective as Secretive Rogue(1850-1920)
2. Detective as Inquistor(1890s-1960s)
3. Detective as Bureaucrat (1940s-1980s)
   - they began to place more emphasis on investigative procedures and the associated paper work as are duly of the increased legal constraints and administrative

Question 4

Nationally what percentage of a departments sworn personnel are assigned to a detective unit ?

Answer 4

10-15%

Question 5

What does the Preliminary Investigation Entail ?

Answer 5

C

Question 6

According to Wren Vs United States (1996), When are Pretextual Stops reasonable?

Answer 6

They are reasonable as long as the officer has probable cause to believe that a violation had occurred

Question 7

On average , how long do officers spend on preliminary investigations ?

Answer 7

1hr

Question 8

What are the types of cases assigned for follow-up investigations? Which receive the least attention ?

Answer 8

1. Walk-through’s
2. Where-are-they’s
3. Whodunits (receives least attention)

Question 9

Walk through’s

Answer 9

Is when suspect has been identified and apprehended

Question 10

Where-Are-They’s

Answer 10

When suspect has been identified but officers have been unable to make an apprehension

Question 11

Whodunits

Answer 11

When the preliminary investigation did not result in identification of the perpetrator.

receives least attention

Question 12

How are most crimes solved ?

Answer 12

Most are solved because of arrest made by patrol officers or because the victim was able to supply the name of the suspect .

Question 13

Explain the findings of the RAND Study (1977) of investigative practices ?

Answer 13

Found that detectives did not generally solve cases by hard work , inspiration or science but instead focused on and solved easy cases

Question 14

How did Eck(1983) Classify the cases facing investigators?

Answer 14

1. Weak Cases: cannot be solved regardless of investigative effort (unsolvable cases)
2. Cases with moderately level of Evidence: can be solved with considerable investigative effort (Solvable cases)
3. Cases with strong evidence: can be solved with minimum effort ( Already Solved Cases)

Question 15

What have Researchers Found Regarding How detectives select cases and conduct investigations?

Answer 15

Find answer

Question 16

What is AFIS an acronym for ?

Answer 16

Automated FingerPrint Identification System (AFIS)

 - Allows police to check and compare large volumes of fingerprints

Question 17

What is CODIS?

Answer 17

Combines DNA Index System

    - Data base that contains more than 12million DNA profiles.  - it's a national database of DNA samples that the FBI manages

Question 18

What are the organizational factors that contributed to the level of commitment for DUI Enforcement according to Mastrofski and Ritti (1992) ?

Answer 18

1. Local Demand
2. Police Leaderships priority
3. The police leaderships capacity for command and control of the department
4. Disposition of the local police culture, organization structures and other work issues

Question 19

According to Mastrofski and Ritti (1992,1986) what are the reasons individual officers enforce or fail to enforce DUI Laws ?

Answer 19

Officers may strictly enforce DUI Laws because:

1. They are concerned about productivity
2. They see DUI as a serious Crime
3. DUI arrest come to be seen as bounty with official or peer group rewards

Officers fail to enforce DUI laws because:

1. They are lazy or incompetent
2. They do not view DUI as a serious offense or problem
3. They do not believe arresting DUI offenders will have any impact on the problem

Question 20

What are the five types of partnerships identified by parent and Snyder (1999) ?

Answer 20

1. Enhanced Supervision
2. Fugitive Apprehension Units
3. Information Sharing
4. Specialized Enforcement
5. Interagency Problem Solving

Question 21

Enhanced Supervision Partnership

Answer 21

Are made between police and probation or parole officers…. Probation and police officers visit probationers to ensure that they are complying with stipulations or rules imposed by the court.

Question 22

Fugitive Apprehension Units

Answer 22

Partner with other police departments or probation or parole officers to arrest suspects that are committing large numbers of crime

Question 23

Information Sharing Partnerships

Answer 23

Involves several agencies to develop comprehensive approaches to problems.

Question 24

Specialized Enforcement Partnerships

Answer 24

Are best represented by drug task forces

Question 25

Interagency Problem Solving Partnership

Answer 25

Involve various agencies affected by a specific problem that band together to solve it .

Question 26

True or False: - CODIS is a national database of DNA samples managed by FBI ?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or false: -The police "third degree" tactics were characteristic of the detective as a secretive rogue (1850s-1920s) period of criminal investigation

Answer 27

FALSE - the police third degree tactics were characteristics of the detective as Inquisitor (1890s-1960s) period of criminal investigation

Question 28

True or False: On average, officers spend an hour on preliminary investigations

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False: The term detective was first used in 1829 with the establishment of the London Metropolitan Police Department

Answer 29

FALSE - the term detective was first used in the 1842 when the London Metropolitan Police Department created a small detective unit (more than a decade after the establishment of the LMPD)

Question 30

True or False: The majority of cases that are cleared by arrest are solved by detectives exerting extraordinary investigative effort

Answer 30

FALSE - about 80% of all cases cleared by arrest are cleared because of arrests made by patrol officers or through the victim being able to supply the name of the suspect to investigators as opposed to efforts by detectives

Question 31

True or False: Enhanced supervision partnerships are partnerships between police and community members to monitor sex offenders

Answer 31

FALSE: -they are made between police and probation or parole officers.

Question 32

True or False: The formation and use of PPUs in police departments in the United States is increasing

Answer 32

TRUE: - the growth and activity level of PPUs started to increase in the 1970s.

Question 33

True or False: Most research studies do not validate police assertions that minority traffic stops are occurring in high crime areas.

Answer 33

FALSE

Question 34

True or False: The US Supreme Court has ruled that Pretextual traffic stops are reasonable as long as the officer had probable cause to believe that a violation had occurred

Answer 34

True

Question 35

True or false: Eck(1983) argues that " unsolvable cases" should not even be investigated because it would be wasted effort.

Answer 35

True