Chapter 5

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind. The defining feature is ‘experience’.

Question 2

phenomenology

Answer 2

how things seem to be to the conscious person

Question 3

problem of other minds

Answer 3

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

Question 4

mind-body problem

Answer 4

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

Question 5

the timing of conscious will

Answer 5

brain activity begins (-535ms)
conscious wish to act is experienced (-204 ms)
finger movement occurs (0ms)

Question 6

four basic principles of consciousness

Answer 6

intentionality, unity, selectivity, transience

Question 7

consciousness

Answer 7

consciousness is always about something

Question 8

unity

Answer 8

a resistance to division

Question 9

selectivity

Answer 9

the capacity to include some objects but not others

Question 10

transience

Answer 10

the tendency to change

Question 11

levels of consciousness

Answer 11

minimal consciousness, full consciousness, self consciousness

Question 12

minimal consciousness

Answer 12

a low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

Question 13

full consciousness

Answer 13

consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

Question 14

self consciousness

Answer 14

a distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

Question 15

coctail party phenomnon

Answer 15

a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others which are nearby

Question 16

dichotic listening

Answer 16

a task in which people wearing headphone hear different messages presented to each ear.

Question 17

mental control

Answer 17

the attempt to change conscious states of mind

Question 18

though suppression

Answer 18

the conscious avoidance of a thought

Question 19

rebound effect of thought suppression

Answer 19

the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

Question 20

ironic processes of mental control

Answer 20

mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

Question 21

dynamic unconscious

Answer 21

an active system encompassing a lifetime of encompassing memories the person’s deepest instinct and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

Question 22

repression

Answer 22

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconsciousness

Question 23

subliminal perception

Answer 23

thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report receiving

Question 24

altered state of consciousness

Answer 24

a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and mind

Question 25

circadian rhythm

Answer 25

a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

Question 26

REM sleep

Answer 26

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

Question 27

Insomnia

Answer 27

difficulty in falling asleep of staying asleep

Question 28

sleep apnea

Answer 28

a disorder in which a person stop breathing for brief periods while asleep

Question 29

somnambulism (or sleepwalking)

Answer 29

occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep

Question 30

narcolepsy

Answer 30

a disorder in which sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activity

Question 31

sleep paralysis

Answer 31

the experience of waking up unable to move

Question 32

night terrors/sleep terrors

Answer 32

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

Question 33

activation-synthesis model

Answer 33

the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

Question 34

psychoactive drugs

Answer 34

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical messaging system

Question 35

drug tolerance

Answer 35

the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same affect

Question 36

depressants

Answer 36

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

Question 37

expectancy theory

Answer 37

alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations about how alcohol will influence them in a particular situation

Question 38

alcohol myopia

Answer 38

a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

Question 39

stimulants

Answer 39

substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels

Question 40

narcotics/opiates

Answer 40

highly addictive drugs derived from opium tha relieve pain

Question 41

hallucinogens

Answer 41

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

Question 42

marijuana/cannabis

Answer 42

the leaves and buds of the hemp plant which contain a psychoactive drug called THC

Question 43

gateway drug

Answer 43

a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

Question 44

hypnosis

Answer 44

a social interaction in which one person (a hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's (subject) subjective experience of the world

Question 45

post-hypnotic amnesia

Answer 45

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

Question 46

hypnotic analgesia

Answer 46

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis