Chapter 5 Flashcards
(31 cards)
social group
a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity
social aggregate
a collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another.
social category
people who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.
in-group
a group toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect–the group to which “we”belong
out-group
a group toward which one feels antagonism and contempt–“those people”
primary group
a group that is characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and strong enduring sense of commitment
secondary group
a group characterized by its large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships.
reference group
a group that provides a standard for judging one’s attitudes or behaviors.
dyad
a group consisting of tow persons.
triad
a group consisting of three persons
leader
a person who is able to influence the behavior of other members of a group.
transformational leader
a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing he nature of the group itself.
transactional leader
a leader who is concerned with accomplishing the group’s tasks, getting group member to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals.
groupthink
a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans that go against the group consensus.
network
a set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.
organization
A large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations. Many types of organizations exist in industrialized societies, influencing most aspects of our lives. While not all organizations are bureaucratic, there are close links between the development of organizations and bureaucratic tendencies.
formal organization
means by which a group is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often using explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.
bureaucracy
a type of organization marked by a clear heirarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.
ideal type
A “pure type,” constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality. An example is Max Weber’s ideal type of bureaucratic organization.
formal relations
relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority.
informal networks
relations that exist in the groups and organizations developed on teh basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure.
iron law of oligarchy
a term coined by Weber’s student Robert Michels meaning that large organizations tend toward centralization of power, making democracy difficult.
oligarchy
rule by a small minority within an organization or society.
human resource management
a style of management that regards a company’s workforce as vital to its economic competitiveness.
