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Anthropology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Cline

A

Gradual change in some phenotypic characteristics from one population to the next

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2
Q

Life history

A

The timing and details of growth events development events from conception through senescence and death

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3
Q

Stressors

A

Any factor that can cause stress in an organism , potentially affecting the body’s proper functioning and its homeostasis

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4
Q

Deciduous dentition

A

Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, that is the first set of teeth, which forms in utero and erupt shortly after birth.

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5
Q

Weaning

A

Process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother

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6
Q

Motor skills

A

Refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles

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7
Q

Cognitive abilities

A

Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environments

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8
Q

Menarche

A

Refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female

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9
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species

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10
Q

Epiphyses

A

The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the diaphysis, the bones stop growing longer

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11
Q

Diaphyses

A

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of lo bones; each contains a medullary cavity

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12
Q

Nonmineralized

A

Refers to bone reduced to its organic component

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13
Q

Secular trend

A

Phenotypic change due to multiple factors. Such trends can be positive (increased height) or negative (decreased height)

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14
Q

Senescence

A

Refers to an organisms biological changes in later adulthood

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15
Q

Anthropometry

A

Measurement of the human body

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16
Q

Functional adaptation

A

Biological changes that occur during an individuals lifetime, increasing the individuals fitness in the environment

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17
Q

Homeothermic

A

Refers to an organisms ability to maintain a constant body temp despite great variations in environmental temp

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18
Q

Vasodilation

A

The increase in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug, it can also occurs in response to hot temperatures

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19
Q

Bergmanns rule

A

The principle that an animals size is heat related; smaller bodies are adopted to hot environments and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments

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20
Q

Allen’s rule

A

The principle that an animals limb lungs are heat related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments

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21
Q

Hypothermia

A

Condition in which an organisms body temp falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and eventually death

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22
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The decrease in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; also on a response to cold temp

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23
Q

Skin reflectance

A

Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color.

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24
Q

Melanocytes

A

Melanin producing cells located in the skins epidermis

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25
Melanin
Brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a humans skin color due to its concentration in the skin
26
Macronutrients
Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbs, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally
27
Micronutrients
Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning
28
Hypercholesterolemia
Presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organisms blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promoted high cholesterol or through the inheritance of a generic disorder
29
________ created a classification system for humans based on the shapes of crania he collected.
Johann blumenbach
30
Blumenbach's 5 races of people:
Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and caucasoids
31
________ found that the so-called races accumulated only 5%-10% of genetic diversity.
Lewontin
32
The best example of clinal variation is?
Skim pigmentation of living people
33
The single strongest factor in determining skin pigmentation is
Ultraviolet radiation
34
What are the three stages of life?
Prenatal, postnatal, and adult stage
35
Prenatal stage is:
Includes 3 trimesters of pregnancy and ends with birth
36
Postnatal stage:
Includes neonatal stage ( first month), infancy ( second mon and end of lactation, usually by end of third year)m childhood (3-7), the juvenile period (7-10 for girls and 7-12 for boys), puberty, adolescence (5-10 after puberty)
37
Adult stage:
Includes reproductive period (20 to end of childbearing years) and senescence
38
This semester the embryo is most susceptible to disruption or disease caused by mutation?
First
39
Most infant deaths are caused by what?
Low birth weights
40
Each of the five postnatal periods has a different ______, or rate of growth per year.
Growth velocity
41
_____ such as walking and running develop during the first two years.
Motor skills
42
By about age ___, permanent teeth begin to replace primary teeth, and brain growth is completed.
6
43
Prior to the completion of growth, the ends of long bones- humerus, radius, and ulna in the arm are separate growth centers called
Epiphyses
44
While bone growth and epiphyseal fusion are influenced by genes and sex hormones the amount of growth and the terminal length of bones are strongly affected by_______.
Environment
45
Areas of the world experiencing nutritional stress, adults are _____ owing to lifelong nutritional deprivation.
Short
46
In adulthood growth and development involve the:
Replacement of cells and tissues
47
In a persons lifetime nearly every cell and tissue in the body has been replaced at least once every ______ years.
7
48
Senescence is a biological process characterized by a reduction in______, the body's ability to keep its organs and physiological systems stable in face on environmental stress.
Homeostasis
49
Whereas the previous life stages are generally predictable in their timing, the chronology of _____ is highly predictable
Senescence
50
What two behaviors make possible the survival and adaptive success of humans and other primates:
Acquisition of food and reproduction
51
Humans are the only primates that experience prolonged _________ survival.
Postmenopausal
52
Because older people can become key repository of knowledge about culture and society, longevity may have a selective _____ in humans but not in other primates.
Advantage
53
What are the four adaptations?
Genetic, developmental, acclimatization, cultural adaptation
54
What is genetic adaptation.
Occurs at population level via natural selection, biological change is inherited and is not reversible (sickle cell)
55
What is developmental adaptation?
(Ontogenic) occurs during a critical period of growth. The capacity to make the change is inherited but the change is not inherited and is not resistible. Example children living at high altitudes develop greater cheat size prior to reaching adulthood.
56
What is acclimatization adaptation?
(Physiological) occurs at individual level, can occur at any time of life. Kind of adaptation a that change is not inherited and can be reversed. Example exposure to sun light can give you a tan.
57
What is cultural adaptation?
(Behavioral) use of materials to make living in certain settings possible. Example wearing insulated clothes keeps people from freezing in extreme cold.
58
The American anthropologist frisancho applies the term ______ to the biological adjustments that occur within the individuals lifetime.
Functional adaptations
59
All adaptations have one purpose:
Maintenance of internal homeostasis
60
Involves the study of populations in their natural environments
Indirect approaches
61
The observation of livi people as they engage in various activities in various settings provide great insight into _______ , helping establish associations between specific biological attributes and environmental settings or circumstances,
Functional adaptations
62
Involve the replication of environmental conditions and of human responses to these conditions.
Direct approaches
63
Anthropologists use direct approach to determine what?
Cause and effect relationships, body's response to cold weather
64
______ is produced by the body's metabolism, especially during activities involving movement.
Internal heat
65
_____ is derived from the air temperature
External heat
66
The initial physiological response to an elevated temperature is _______.
Vasodilation
67
Sweating evolved as a ______ in association with the general loss of body hair.
Thermoregulatory adaptation
68
The adaptation to warm climates involves:
Lowering of body's core temperature, lowering of threshold for she vasodilation and sweating begin, and reduction of heart rate and metabolic rate
69
_______ are less able to tolerate heat than _____, in part due to a relatively reduced ability to move blood to the skin through vasodilation and the presence of greater body fat.
Woman, men
70
Relative to body volume, ____ bodies have more surface area, facilitating more-rapid heat dissipation.
Small
71
This long term association between body shape and climates means:
Shape is mostly genetic adaptation
72
Ultimately, body shape and morphology reflect:
Evolutionary and developmental processes
73
The humans first response to cold stress is ______
vasoconstriction
74
The chief mechanism for producing heat is_____
Shivering
75
To measure heat production, anthropologists take a specific kind of measurement called______.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
76
Indigenous people living in cold settings, such as Indians at high altitudes in Andes, have significantly _____ higher BMR than do other human populations.
Higher
77
The iniquities have a high BMR because of _____.
Their diet
78
Inuit eat a diet rich in what? And low in what?
Protein and low in carb
79
One of the most profound environmental factors that humans deal with daily is _______.
Solar radiation
80
Solar radiation plays a central role in the evolution and developmental of _______.
Skin color
81
What is the largest organ?
Skin
82
The darkest skin (low skin reflectance) is associated with ___ UV radiation, while the lightest skin (low skin reflectance) is associated with the _____ UV radiation.
Highest, lowest
83
Higher altitudes have ______ skin.
Darker
84
Individuals living in lower altitudes or equatorial regions of the globe have _____ pigmentation a due to more direct and prolonged UV radiation
Darker skin
85
As latitude _____, the amount of UV radiation ______.
Increases, decreases
86
Melanin is a natural sunscreen, individuals with ____ melanin content receive the most protection.
Higher
87
Dark-skinned people have a SPF of ___; light skinned people have an SPF of ____.
10-15, 2-3
88
Skin cancer is not an element of ______.
Natural selection
89
The body needs UV radiation for the synthesis of _____, a steroid that regulated calcium absorption and mineralization of skeletons.
Vitamin D
90
Most vitamin D is produced:
In the skin
91
______, the primary influence of vitamin D synthesis is advantageous and disadvantageous.
Melanin
92
High latitudes with less UV radiation ______ with less melanin is preferred.
Lighter skin
93
Melanin provides protection from ______, substantial amounts of this pigment can inhibit vitamin D production.
Solar radiation
94
Skin needs t be ___ enough to protect from UV radiation but _____ enough to allow solar radiation sufficient for vitamin D production
Dark, light
95
Support for the evolution of skin pigmentation in humans is provided by the fundamental role of _____ in production of stored folate.
Melanin
96
New research shows that ______ is essential for the synthesis and repair of DNA and therefore directly affects cell division and homeostasis
Folate
97
Folate levels ______ dramatically with exposure to highland prolonged levels of UV radiation.
Decreased
98
Skin color and melanin production are key elements in protecting the body for _______
Folate depletion
99
The primary environmental stress in high altitudes is ____
Hypoxia
100
Nutritionists have developed two sets of dietary recommendations:
Those based on energy requirements and those based on nutrient requirements
101
The majority of human populations across the world are ______ especially in developing nations
undernourished
102
Undernourished populations have _____ growth
Stunted
103
Individuals who are _______ experience poor general functioning, reduced work capacity, I'll health, and short life expectancy
Undernourished
104
It is highly _____ that undernourished populations shortness is a genetic adaptation
Unlikely
105
During growth and development, physical activity stimulates bone-forming cells called ________ which produce bone mass where it is needed to maintain the rigidity of specific bones and bone regions
Osteoblasts
106
In the absence of physical activity, other cells called ______ remove bone mass.
Osteoclasts
107
A principle called _____ lays out the homeostatic balance of osteoblastic and osteoclasts activity, in which bone ,ass is produced where it is needed and taken away where it is not needed.
Wollf's law
108
______ law accounts for the remodeling of bone that occurs during life, the changing of certain bones shape as the result of particular activities.
Wolffs

Anthropology (4 decks)

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