chapter 5,6,7,8,9 (unit 2 test) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of worry and what is the level of threat?
A
Concerns to a future threat (Potential threat)
2
Q
What is anxiety and what is the level of threat?
A
An emotional state that occurs as a threatening event is drawing near(approaching threat)
3
Q
3 Key parts of anxiety?
A
Physical feeling, thoughts and behaviors
4
Q
What is fear and what level of threat?
A
An intense emotional state that occurs as a threat is imminent or actually occurring (imminent threat) (fight or flight)
5
Q
Fear that is intense and severe is defined as what?
A
Panic
6
Q
Worry, anxiety, and fear are viewed along a _______ severity
A
dimensional
7
Q
Anxiety-related disorders basic symptoms
A
-Overwhelming worry, anxiety, or fear that interferes with daily functioning
-persistent episodes of severe worrying, anxiety, or fear that is maladaptive
8
Q
What is defined as a panic attack?
A
A brief episode of intense fear and physical symptoms that increase/decrease suddenly and intesnsely
(not a diagnosis)
9
Q
derealization definition
A
Involves feelings that surrounding events arent real
10
Q
Depersonalization definition
A
Involves a person feeling like they are watching themselves go through the situation
11
Q
Unexpected panic attacks definition and what cue is it?
A
Panic attacks that happen without warning or predictably (uncued)
12
Q
Expected panic attacks definition and what cue is it?
A
Panic attacks that have a specific trigger (cued)
13
Q
Panic disorder defintion/symptoms
A
When someone regularly experiences unexpected panic attacks (more than 1 a month)
-Regular, uncued, and worrying about consequences
14
Q
Agoraphobia disorder definition/symptoms
A
Refers to someone who has anxiety about public places, especially in places with minimal exits
-also refers to avoiding places like this
15
Q
social phobia definition/symptoms (social anxiety)
A
Marked by intense and ongoing fear of potentially embarrassing social/performance situations
-Extremely fearful of person embarrassment
-expected panic attacks (triggers)
-preformance only disorder
16
Q
Specific phobia definition/ symptoms
A
Specific, unreasonable fear of a particular object or situations
-expected panic attacks
-
17
Q
Five types of specific phobias
A
animal phobias
natural environment phobias
blood injection/injury phobias
situational phobias (small spaces)
18
Q
Generalized anxiety disorder/symptoms
A
Involves extreme levels of worry about various events or activities
-Trouble controlling worrying
-don’t usually experience panic attacks
-develops early in life
19
Q
Obessive complusive disorder (OCD) definition/symptoms
A
Complulsions: ongoing and bizzare ritualistic act preformed after and obsession to reduce arousal
Obsessions: Ongoing and bizzare ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that a person cant control (constant)
20
Q
Common obessions (OCD)
A
Doubt (like leaving door open)
Need for order (Shoes organized by size or food by expiration date)
Impulses towards aggresion(Intolerable thoughts about hurting infant ect)
Sexual imagery (recurrent mental pictures of porn)
21
Q
Definition/ examples of Compulsions
A
(performed in response to ab obsession, physically/mentally)
Checking
Organizing
Counting
Handwashing
22
Q
OCD related disorders
A
Hoarding disorder
Trichotillomania (pulling hair out)
Excortation disorder (skin picking)
Body dysmorphic disorder
23
Q
PTSD defintion
A
Marked by frequent re-experiencing of traumatic event through images, memories, flashbacks ect
(greater than a month)
24
Q
Delayed expression definition
A
When symptoms of PTSD are delayed more than 6 months
25
Acute distress disorder defintion/symptoms
refers to distressing memories and dreams, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance
(less than 1 month)
26
symptoms to be diagnosed with acute distress disorder
Intrusion symptoms: memories, images, dreams (1+ symptom)
Avoidance: avoids thoughts/places/behaviors associated with trauma (1+ symptom)
Negative alterations in cognition and mood (2+ symptoms)
Increased physiological arousal: irritability, trouble sleeping (2+ symptoms)
27
Separation anxiety disorder definition
Marked by substantial distress when separation from major attachment figure occurs/ is going to occur
-must be developmental innapropriate
28
how Amygdala responds to/with anxiety
evaluation of threat/ experience of fear
strong negative emotions
arousal
Startle
29
How septal hippocampus region responds to/with anxiety
part of the brain that's associated with assisting person in response to threat
-fight or flight
30
Preparedness definition (anxiety)
evolutionary influences
31
Cognitive risk factors (anxiety)
Cognitive distortions
People with anxiety often have ongoing thoughts about potential/actual events from external events (overthinking)
Negative/pessimistic viewpoints
Intolerance of incertanity (fear of the unknown)
jumping to conclusions/catastrophizing/emotional reasoning;;
32
Anxiety sensitivity
over-sensitive to physiological sensations associated with anxiety
33
Family factors/modeling with anxiety
overcontrolling family, rejecting, insecure attachment
34
Prevention (anxiety)
Building an ability to control situations that might lead to anxiety
Education about dangerous/non dangerous situations
Change neg. thoughts
practice skills in real life situations
35
Risk factors that may lead to anxiety (generally)
Biological predisposition and environmental factors
(biological factors: genetics, brain features, neurochemical features, behavioral inhibition, evolutionary influences)
36
Genetics in relation to anxiety
-First degree (runs in the family)
-moderate genetic basis
-no gene or set of genes leads directly to anxiety
-neurotransmitters
37
Main neurotransmitters that are closely linked to anxiety
serotonin: (mood and motor)- related to panic, OCD, and general anxiety
Norepinephrine: (physical symptoms)- related to panic, phobias, and PTSD (as well as panic attacks)
GABA: (helps inhibit nerve cells closely related to anxiety)- may be deficient in people with anxiety-related disorders, contributing to excessive worrying and panic symptoms
38
Cortisol definition
for threat, elevated and slow to return to baseline
39
behavioral inhibition definition/risk (anxiety)
A risk factor for anxiety-related disorders involving withdrawal from things that are unfamiliar or new
-10-15% are born w this
40
Evolutionary influences definition (anxiety)
Preparedness is the idea that humans are biologically prepared to fear certain stimuli more than others
41
Catastrophizing definition
A cognitive distortion involving the assumption that terrible but incorrect consequences will result from an event
42
Emotional reasoning definition
A cognitive distortion involving the assumption that one's physical feelings really are
-people with anxiety disorders make errors in judgment about their skills (underestimate themselves)
43
Thought action fusion definition
A risk factor that involves a belief that thinking something is the same as doing it.
-many people w OCD view their thoughts as dangerous and this triggers obsessions, they try and suppress it which causes even more obsessions
44
Emotional processing definition
A person's ability to think about a past anxiety-provoking event without significant anxiety
-people WITH anxiety have trouble processing past events
-poor emotional processing helps anxiety maintain for long periods of time when there's no threat
45
Anxiety sensitivity definition
A risk factor for anxiety-related disorders involving fear of the potential dangerousness of one's physical symptoms
-like health
-May be learned overtime of just a type of temperament that is present in early life and related to certain biological predispositions
46
Family factors (anxiety)
-Parental practices, modeling and insecure attachment could lead to reduced opportunities for a child to practice anxiety management skills in different social and evaluative situations.
47
Learning experiences (anxiety)
Excessive fear can be a learned response
-modeling parent behavior
-direct learning= classical or operant conditioning
-information transfer (a child may hear stories from another child and develop a fear from them)
48
Fears are reinforced by _______
Avoidence
49
Causes of GAD/OCD disorders
-biological vulnerabilities
-psychological vulnerability
50
Prevention of anxiety disorders
Education
-teaching kids to address things correctly (by coping ect)
-build ability to control situations
-FRIEND model
51
Treatment of anxiety disorders (general)
Antianxiety medication
Antidepressants
Psychoeducation
Somatic control exercises
Exposure therapy
Cognitive therapy
52
Antianxiety and antidepressants examples/what they do
Antianxiety
-benzodiazepines (xanax, ativan, valium, klonopin)
-help treat panic disorder (targets GABA)
-people can become dependent
Antidepressants
-Prozac, paxil, zoloft, luvox,celexa,lexapro
-Regulates serotonin
-Treats social and general anxiety
53
Psychoeducation (anxiety)
Treatment technique that involves educating a person about the physical, cognitive and behavioral components of anxiety/ disorders and have these components occur in a sequence for that person
54
Somatic control exercises definition/examples(anxiety)
Treatment techniques to help people with anxiety-related disorders decrease the severity of their physical feelings
-Relaxation training (having a person tense and release different muscle groups)
-Breathing retraining (inhaling slowly and deeply through nose and out mouth)
55
Cognitive therapy (anxiety)
Treatment to help people think more realistically and develop a sense of control over anxious situations
56
Exposure based practices defintion (Anxiety)
Treatment for behavioral symptoms of anxiety that involved reintroducing a person to situations they commonly avoid
-the fear will decrease over time
-the person can then control the fear
57
Exposure based practices types/examples (anxiety/OCD)
systematic desensitization: based on the principle of classical conditioning
flooding: involves exposure and eventual extinction of someone most intense fear
-rapid
interoceptive exposure: includes exposure and eventual control of physical symptoms of anxiety
Worry exposure: intense concentration on an anxious thought and alternatives to worst case senario
Response prevention: including exposure to an obsession and not engaging in it
-OCD related
58
Definition of depression
complete inability to interact with others or even leave the house
-suicide
-extreme sadness
-hoplessnesss
59
Definition of euphoria
intense state of happiness
-short termed feeling
-generally not harmful if temporary
60
Chronic euphoria defintion
Constant feelings of racing thoughts
-nonstop
-poor personal decisions
61
Grandiosity defintino
The belief that one is especially powerful or talented when it isn't true
-severe symptoms that can lead to extreme irritability and self-destruction or suiciducal behavior (relates to mania)
62
Mania definition
The opposite of happiness and euphoria
-when feelings of mania and depression interferes with daily functioning it can be a depressive disorder or mood disorders
63
Depressive disorder definition
Marked by substantial sadness and related characteristic symptoms
-unipolar disorder
64
Bipolar definition disorder
A mental disturbance sometimes characterized by depression and mania
65
Major depressive episode definition
Period of time (2 weeks or longer) marked by sad or empty mood most of the day, nearly every day (and other symptoms)
-intense sadness
depressive episodes experience loss in pleasure for activities
66
Major depressive disorder definition/symptoms ect
Marked by multiple major depressive episodes
-2 month interval must occur for episodes to be considered separate from each other
-range of mild-moderate-severe
-postpartum/peripartum
seasonal depression
67
premenstrual dysphoric disorder definition/symptoms
Marked by depressive symptoms during menstrual periods
-depressed, anxious, angry, mood swings, fatigue, eating issues
-physical symptoms of bloating/ joint pain
-link to hormonal changes
68
Peripartum/post partum depression definition/ symptoms
Refers to symptoms of depression or major depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth
-caused by hormonal changes or social isolation
-13% of women
69
Persistent depressive disorder(dysthymia)
Depressive disorder involving chronic feelings of depression (at lest 2 years)
-Not as severe as symptoms of major depression but 'low-grade symptoms"
-Early or late onset
-intense feelings of sadness every day (no relief of symptoms longer than 2 months)
70
Double depression definition
Presence of persistent depressive disorder and major depressive episode at the same time
71
Disruptive mood dysregulation defintion
recurrent temper outbursts that are severe and out of proportion
-at least 3 times a week
-6-18 yrs
72
Manic episodes definition/symptoms
A period during which a person feels highly euphoric or irritable
-uncontrollably long periods lead to destructive behavior
-key symptom: sense of grandiosity
-speak rapidly and severe problems in functioning
73
Bipolar 1 disorder defintion/symptoms (manic depression disorder)
one or more manic episodes in a person
-generally, there is a major depressive episode
-mixed features (mania with symptoms of depression that don't rise to the level of a major depressive episode)
-Rapid cycling (switching from depression-> mania and back again with short period of normal mood)
-Ultra rapid cycling
-HYPERmania
74
Bipolar 2 disorder
compromises episodes of hypomania that alternate with episodes of major depression
-hypomania could worsen
-hypomanic episodes by themselves do not cause significant impairment
75
Cyclothymic disorder defintion/symptoms(Cyclothymia)
Symptoms of hypomania and depression that fluctuate over (at least) a 2-year period
-not full-blown episodes of depression
-general symptoms of hypomania and depression cycle back and forth maybe w normal moods
76
suicide definition
killing yourself
-not a mental disorder but the most serious aspect of depressive/bipolar disorders
77
Aspects of suicide
-suicidal ideation(thoughts ab death/ other morbid thoughts
-suicide behavior (self destructive behavior that may/ may not indicate wanting to die)
-suicidal attempt (self destructive behavior in which someone IS trying to kill themselves)
-suicidal completion (someone has died from killing themselves)
78
Egoistic suicide defintion
refers to a situation in which a persons social integration is weak (doesn't think he matters, no one cares)
79
Anomic suicide definition
A person struggles adapting to disruptive social order created by events like an economic crisis
80
Fatalistic suicide definition
A person feels oppressed by society so they can only escape through suicide
81
Altruistic suicide definition
A person commits suicide to benefit society or those around him (someone in the military)
82
Biological risk factors (depressive disorders)
Depression runs in families
affects prefrontal and other cortical areas
damage to white matter, basal ganglia and pons could contribute to mood disorders
-reduced white matter specifically affects bipolar and schizophrenia
83
What neurotransmitters does depression affect
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
-often people w depression have raised cortisol levels
84
Sleep deficiencies symptoms/examples
people w depression often have insomnia and hypersomnia
people w depression enter REM faster and less deep sleep
85
Stress effects depression how?
People w depression struggle to cope with stressful life events
stressful life events can also cause manic episodes
86
Cognitive factors in depression
people often have pessimistic view of themselves
negative cognitive triad
automatic thoughts
hopelessness
87
Interpersonal factors in depression
depression is often linked to difficulties socializing, communicating and relationship/marital issues
88
how Family factors affect depression
impaired attachment to parents
depressed mothers
89
Causes of depression
Genetic predispositions, biological vulnerability, psychological vulnerability
90
definition of endogenous depression and what is it caused by
developing a sadness for little apparent reason (caused biologically)
91
definition of exogenous depression and what its caused by
develop sadness bc they cope w major life stressors (often follows a major event) caused by enviroment
92
Prevention (depression)
RAP-A and RAP-F
cognitive restructuring (helping a person think realistically)
-Preventing suicide is priortized
93
treatment of depression (not medication)
Interviews, self-reports, questionnaires, self-monitoring, observations from others, and physiological assessment
94
treatment of depression (medication)
Antidepressants
-increase serotonin and norepinephrine
-SSRI (directly and only affects serotonin)
-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (enhances tyramine to increase serotonin and norepinephrine)
-Tricyclic antidepressants (affect different neurotransmitters and has numerous side affects)
95
Treatment of BPD (medication)
Mood-stabilizing drugs (helps people control rapid shifts in mood)
-Lithium is most effective but highly toxic
-divalproex (an anticonvulsant that increases GABA levels and creates a sedating effect)
96
Electroconvulsive therapy (2 types)
shock therapy
-1-2 electrodes on a person's head and deliberately inducing a seizure to alleviate severe depression
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
-places an electromagnetic coil on a persons scalp and introducing a pulsating, high intensity current
97
behavioral activation in depression/bdp
-psychoeducation, increasing daily activities, rewarding progress
98
self-control therapy (depression)
a person reinforcing themselves for active, non-depressed behaviors
99
Skills training definition/types (depression)
Social skills training
Coping or problem skills training
100
Cognitive therapy (depression)
-main staple treatment
-interpersonal therapy (focuses on preparing problematic relationships or coping w/loss of relationships)
-family therapy
101
weight concerns definition
A focus on and often negative evaluation of ones weight
-feeling overweight
102
Body dissatisfaction definition
negative self-evaluation of what one's body looks like
-unhappy and want to change how they look
-distressed
-avoid social situations where one could be judged by their weight
103
Weight concerns and body dissatisfaction are _____ constructs
dimensional
104
Eating problems defintion
Deliberate attempts to limit the quantity of food intake or change the types of food that are eaten (dieting)
105
Lack of control of eating and the components
A feeling of poor control when eating excessive quantities of food. Cognitive (beliving one has lost control) component and behavioral (eating too much) component
106
Anorexia defintion
Marled by refusal to maintain a minimum, normal body weight, intense fear in gaining weight and disturbance in perception of body shape and weight
-restrictive eating
107
the different types of anorexia nervousa
-restricting
-binge and purge
108
why is anorexia binging and purging different than bulimia
anorexia has weight loss, bulimia is at a normal weight
109
medical consequences of eating disorders
dehydration, hypotensive, kidney dysfunction, anemia, cardiovascular problems, dental issues, osteoporosis, bowel issues
110
bulimia nervosa defintion
Marked by binge eating, inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain, and self-evaluation greatly influenced by body shape and weight
111
What are compensatory behaviors/examples
Inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain
-purging
-non purging (fasting for several days)
112
Binge eating disorder defintion
Marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating but no compensatory behavior
-lack of control when eating
113
most common features of binge disorder
Eating more rapidly than normal
eating despite feeling uncomfortably full
eating large amounts when not hungry
feeling embarrassed over amount of food consumed
feeling disgusted, depressed or guilty after eating
114
Peak ages for anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder
Anorexia= 19-20 yrs
Bulimia= 16-20 yrs
Binge= 18-20 yrs
115
how does the amygdala and hypothalamus affect eating disorders
amygdala- cues us to eat
hypothalamus- regulates our hunger
116
neurochemical features that affect eating disorders
-dopamine (linked to pleasurable aspects of food)
-satiety (feeling full from eating)
-endogenous opioids (chemicals that suppress appetite after intense exercise. It reinforces the self starvation aspect)
117
personality traits that affect eating disorders
perfectionism
impulsitvity
118
prevention of eating disorders
education
national eating disorder week
student bodies
119
treatment of eating disorders
interviews, self-report, self-monitoring, physical assessment
120
biological treatments for eating disorders
controlled weight gain
SSRI
family therapy
cognitive behavioral therapy
121
long term outlook for eating disorders
prognosis for anorexia is not good
prognosis for bulimia is 50%
prognosis for binge is 33%
122
Somatization definition
a tendency to communicate distress through physical symptoms and to pursue medical help for these symptoms
123
somatic symptom disorder definition/ symptoms
A person experiences physical symptoms that may/ may not have a discoverable physical cause, as well as distress
-some people may be excessively preoccupied
-Key part: the person has recurrent thoughts that the symptom is serious or has great anxiety ab the symptoms or their health
124
Somatic symptom disorder symptoms are _____
REAL
125
Functional somatic symptoms definition
Medically unexplained symptoms not part of another mental disorder
126
Presenting somatic symtoms definition
somatic symptoms usually presented as a part of another mental disorder
127
Illness anxiety definition
Marked by excessive preoccupation with fear of having a disease (related to hypochondriasis)
-intensely aware of bodily functions and very detailed complaints
128
how does autosuggestability relate to illness anxiety
Autosuggestability is when you read or hear about an illness and then that leads to being scared of getting that illness.
129
Conversion disorder definition/ symptoms
Marked by odd pseudonuerological symptoms that have no discoverable medical cause
-suggest a neurological or medical disorder with nothing backing it up
-real symptoms, no medical explanation
130
factitious disorder definition/ symptoms
Marked by deliberate production of physical or psychological symptoms to assume the sick role
-make themselves purposely sick by taking meds or inducing fevers
131
Munchausen syndrome definition/ symptoms
A severe factitious disorder in which a person causes symptoms and claims they have a physical or mental disorder
-mimicking seizures or injecting bacteria into oneself
132
Muchausen syndrome by proxy definition
Adults who deliberately induce illness or pain into a child and then present the child for medical care
133
Malingering defintion
deliberate production of physical or psychological symptoms with some external motivation
-not a formal defintion
134
Epidemiology of somatic symptom disorder
-somatic symtom disorder= .8-4.7%
-illness anxiety disorder= .25-1%
-conversion disorder= .3%
135
brain features for somatic symptom disorder
the amygdala, limbic system, hypothalamus, and prefrontal, somatosensory cortices
136
Primary and secondary gain definition
primary: unconscious use of physical symptoms to reduce psychological distress
secondary: refers to receiving social reinforcement for somatic complaints
137
somatosensory awareness definition
tendency to notice and amplify physical sensations.
138
cultural factors of somatic symptom disorder
Psychological conditions are highly stigmatized in non-western countries
139
assessment types for somatic symptom disorder
Interviews, questionnaires, personality assessments
140
medication type for somatic symptom disorder
SSRI
141
psychological treatments for somatic symptom disorder
-cognitive therapy
-behavioral therapy
-contingency management(a behavioral treatment technique in which family members and friends reward appropriate behavior in an individual
-relaxation training, exposure, response prevention, social skills and assertiveness
142
dissociation definition
A feeling of detachment or seperation from oneself
-often mild or temporary
143
dissociative disorder definition
class of mental disorders marked by disintegration of memory, consciousness or identity
144
dissociative amnesia definition
Marked by severe memory loss for past and or recent events
-involves forgetting highly personal information
145
dissociative fugue definition
marked by severe memory loss and sudden travel away from home/ work
-can forget ab personal events and move to a different part of country/ world
-cannot recall past
146
dissociative identity disorder definition
Marked by multiple personalities in a single individual
-2 or more distinct personalities
-"splitting"
147
two-way amnesiac relationship definition
means that the personalities are not aware of the existence of one another
148
one way amnesiac relationship definition
means that the personalities are aware of the other personalities, but it's not always reciprocated
149
mutually aware relationship definition
means that the personalities are aware of all other personalities and even may communicate with one another
150
Depersonalization/ realization disorder definition
marked by chronic episodes of detachment from one's body and feelings of derealization
-maintain a sense of reality but may feel that they are floating above themselves, watching themselves through their motions
151
derealization definition
sense that surrounding events are not real
152
memory changes in dissociative disorders
compartmentalization
-difficulty recalling information
-trouble distinguishing true and false memories
153
brain features that can contribute to dissociative disorder
amygdala, locus coerules, thalamus, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, frontal coretx
154
traumatic experiences and PTSD are closely linked to ___?
dissociative disorder
155
the primary way of assessing dissociative disorder
Interviews and questionnaires
156
What types of medications are used for dissociative disorder?
Anxiolytics
antidepressents
antipsychotic
Anticonvulsant
157
psychological treatment for dissociative disorder
psychotherapy (main goal is to help regenerate memories)
Hypnosis (refers to relaxed and focused state of mind)
158
Substance use definition (and examples)
a nonmaldaptive use of alcohol or drug
-alcohol, nicotine, caffeine or morphine derivative)
159
Substance-related disorder definition and symptoms
A class of mental disorders characterized by substance use disorders as well as substance intoxication and withdrawal (severe degree)
-impaired control
-social impairment
-risky use
-psychological dependence
-tolerance
-withdrawl
160
substance intoxication definition and symptoms
A usually reversible condition triggered by excessive alcohol or other drug use
-could experience maladaptive behavior changes
-binges
161
The types of substances
depressants (alcohol)
stimulants
opiates (opiods)
hallucinogens
marijuana
162
what neurotransmitter does alcohol trigger
Triggers GABA
163
disinhibition definition
The state that occurs when alcohol inhibits key inhibitory systems of the brain
-makes a person do things they usually don't do
-reduced central nervous system activity
164
drinking past the disinhibition stage causes what to happen?
increased sexual desire but poor preformence
believing your sober
memory impairment
165
what health issues correlate with alcoholism?
Cirrhosis of liver
Korsakoffs syndrome (marked by confusion, memory loss, and coordination problems)
166
Common stimulants
-Bronchodilators (ease breathing and treat asthma)
-Methylphenidate (treats ADHD/ hyperactivity)
-caffeine
-nicotine
-cocaine
-meth
167
what does caffeine release in the brain? Withdrawals?
-norepinephrine and epinephrine
-headaches, irritability, sleepiness, anxiety
168
Nicotine withdrawals and what is it similar to?
similar to caffeine but relaxation
withdrawals: restlessness, irritability, concentration and sleep problems
169
cocaine stimulates what in the brain? withdrawals?
Stimulates dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
Withdrawal: severe depression, overeating, sleep issues
170
Cocaine is ___ addicting as well as a strong ___ dependence
physically addictive with strong psychological dependence
171
amphetamines (meth) stimulates what? withdrawals?
stimulates (increases) dopamine and norepinephrine
withdrawals: depression, anxiety, fatigue, paranoia, intense cravings of drug)
VERY severe withdrawal
172
Opioids stimulate what? Withdrawals?
stimulate many different types of opiate receptors in the brain -across hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus)
Withdrawals: agitation, chills, drowsiness, cramps, vomiting, sweating and diarrhea
SEVERE withdrawas
173
Hallucinogens stimulate what? Withdrawals?
Stimulate dopamine
minor withdrawals/ no withdrawals
174
Weed stimulates what? Withdrawals?
Stimulates cannabinoid receptors (cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus)
withdrawals: very minor but include sleep issues, anxiety, irritability
175
Weed is not ____ addictive
physically
176
Definition of Marijuana
A drug produced from hemp plant that contains THC
177
Definition of Hallucinogens
Class of drugs that produce psychosis-like symptoms
178
definition of opiates
Class of drug commonly used to relieve pain (narcotics or opiods)
179
Stimulates definition
A class of drug that activate the central nervous system
180
Depressant definition
class of drugs that inhibit the central nervous system
181
Substance use is common among ___students
college
182
what group drinks the most
European white men
183
definitions of metabolism of alcohol and low level of response
metabolism of alcohol: some people process alcohol faster than others (=less susceptible)
Low level of response: People have to drink more to achieve same psychological effects (=more at risk)
184
Heritability is strongest for that substance use disorder?
Strongest dependence on cocaine and opiates (heroin and prescription pain killers)
185
Brain features that relate to substance use disorder
mesolimbic pathways
186
reward deficiency definition
theory that some people may not be able to derive much reward from everyday events and so resort to drug use
187
___ is an important trigger in substance abuse
Stress
188
Major personality factors that relate to substance use disorder
-addictive personality
-impulsivity
189
distal factors definition and examples
casual factors that indirectly affect a particular mental disorder
-problematic family relationships, parental drug use, culture
190
Proximal factors definition and examples
Casual factors that more directly affect a particular mental disorder
-consequences of drug use (positive and/or negative)
191
Treatments for substance use disorder
Interviews (screening and motivational)
192
psychological treatments for substance abuse
MMPI-2
MAST (Michigan alcohol screening test)
CAGE
million clinical multiaxial
193
Types of lab testing
urine screenings
blood tests
bretahalyzer
hair analysis
sweat tests
194
Treatment for substance use disorders (and what they do)
-Agonists (meds that have similar chemical compositions as the drug)
-Cross tolerance (tolerance for drug one has never taken bc of tolerance to another drug w similar chemical composition)
-Antagonists (medications that may act as an agonist or antagonist depending on how much or a certain neurotransmitter is produced)
-Aversives (Make ingestion of addictive drug uncomfortable)
-antianxiety/antidepressents
195
Rehabilitation definition/ what its used for
treatment involving complete abstinence, education ab drugs and their consequences of their use and relapse prevention
196
how is cognitive behavior therapy used in substance use disorders?
Behavioral therapy (changing learning patterns and other maladaptive behaviors)
197
Multidimensional family therapy definition
Family-based treatment approach that on developing a strong parent-adolescent bond and correcting related problems
198
___therapy and ___group therapy are the most common forms of treatment
Group therapy and self-help (like AA)
