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Abnormal Psych > chapter 5,6,7,8,9 (unit 2 test) > Flashcards

chapter 5,6,7,8,9 (unit 2 test) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of worry and what is the level of threat?

A

Concerns to a future threat (Potential threat)

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2
Q

What is anxiety and what is the level of threat?

A

An emotional state that occurs as a threatening event is drawing near(approaching threat)

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3
Q

3 Key parts of anxiety?

A

Physical feeling, thoughts and behaviors

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4
Q

What is fear and what level of threat?

A

An intense emotional state that occurs as a threat is imminent or actually occurring (imminent threat) (fight or flight)

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5
Q

Fear that is intense and severe is defined as what?

A

Panic

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6
Q

Worry, anxiety, and fear are viewed along a _______ severity

A

dimensional

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7
Q

Anxiety-related disorders basic symptoms

A

-Overwhelming worry, anxiety, or fear that interferes with daily functioning
-persistent episodes of severe worrying, anxiety, or fear that is maladaptive

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8
Q

What is defined as a panic attack?

A

A brief episode of intense fear and physical symptoms that increase/decrease suddenly and intesnsely
(not a diagnosis)

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9
Q

derealization definition

A

Involves feelings that surrounding events arent real

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10
Q

Depersonalization definition

A

Involves a person feeling like they are watching themselves go through the situation

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11
Q

Unexpected panic attacks definition and what cue is it?

A

Panic attacks that happen without warning or predictably (uncued)

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12
Q

Expected panic attacks definition and what cue is it?

A

Panic attacks that have a specific trigger (cued)

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13
Q

Panic disorder defintion/symptoms

A

When someone regularly experiences unexpected panic attacks (more than 1 a month)
-Regular, uncued, and worrying about consequences

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14
Q

Agoraphobia disorder definition/symptoms

A

Refers to someone who has anxiety about public places, especially in places with minimal exits
-also refers to avoiding places like this

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15
Q

social phobia definition/symptoms (social anxiety)

A

Marked by intense and ongoing fear of potentially embarrassing social/performance situations
-Extremely fearful of person embarrassment
-expected panic attacks (triggers)
-preformance only disorder

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16
Q

Specific phobia definition/ symptoms

A

Specific, unreasonable fear of a particular object or situations
-expected panic attacks
-

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17
Q

Five types of specific phobias

A

animal phobias
natural environment phobias
blood injection/injury phobias
situational phobias (small spaces)

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18
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder/symptoms

A

Involves extreme levels of worry about various events or activities
-Trouble controlling worrying
-don’t usually experience panic attacks
-develops early in life

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19
Q

Obessive complusive disorder (OCD) definition/symptoms

A

Complulsions: ongoing and bizzare ritualistic act preformed after and obsession to reduce arousal
Obsessions: Ongoing and bizzare ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that a person cant control (constant)

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20
Q

Common obessions (OCD)

A

Doubt (like leaving door open)
Need for order (Shoes organized by size or food by expiration date)
Impulses towards aggresion(Intolerable thoughts about hurting infant ect)
Sexual imagery (recurrent mental pictures of porn)

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21
Q

Definition/ examples of Compulsions

A

(performed in response to ab obsession, physically/mentally)
Checking
Organizing
Counting
Handwashing

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22
Q

OCD related disorders

A

Hoarding disorder
Trichotillomania (pulling hair out)
Excortation disorder (skin picking)
Body dysmorphic disorder

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23
Q

PTSD defintion

A

Marked by frequent re-experiencing of traumatic event through images, memories, flashbacks ect
(greater than a month)

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24
Q

Delayed expression definition

A

When symptoms of PTSD are delayed more than 6 months

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25
Q

Acute distress disorder defintion/symptoms

A

refers to distressing memories and dreams, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance
(less than 1 month)

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26
Q

symptoms to be diagnosed with acute distress disorder

A

Intrusion symptoms: memories, images, dreams (1+ symptom)
Avoidance: avoids thoughts/places/behaviors associated with trauma (1+ symptom)
Negative alterations in cognition and mood (2+ symptoms)
Increased physiological arousal: irritability, trouble sleeping (2+ symptoms)

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27
Q

Separation anxiety disorder definition

A

Marked by substantial distress when separation from major attachment figure occurs/ is going to occur
-must be developmental innapropriate

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28
Q

how Amygdala responds to/with anxiety

A

evaluation of threat/ experience of fear
strong negative emotions
arousal
Startle

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29
Q

How septal hippocampus region responds to/with anxiety

A

part of the brain that’s associated with assisting person in response to threat
-fight or flight

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30
Q

Preparedness definition (anxiety)

A

evolutionary influences

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31
Q

Cognitive risk factors (anxiety)

A

Cognitive distortions
People with anxiety often have ongoing thoughts about potential/actual events from external events (overthinking)
Negative/pessimistic viewpoints
Intolerance of incertanity (fear of the unknown)
jumping to conclusions/catastrophizing/emotional reasoning;;

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32
Q

Anxiety sensitivity

A

over-sensitive to physiological sensations associated with anxiety

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33
Q

Family factors/modeling with anxiety

A

overcontrolling family, rejecting, insecure attachment

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34
Q

Prevention (anxiety)

A

Building an ability to control situations that might lead to anxiety
Education about dangerous/non dangerous situations
Change neg. thoughts
practice skills in real life situations

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35
Q

Risk factors that may lead to anxiety (generally)

A

Biological predisposition and environmental factors
(biological factors: genetics, brain features, neurochemical features, behavioral inhibition, evolutionary influences)

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36
Q

Genetics in relation to anxiety

A

-First degree (runs in the family)
-moderate genetic basis
-no gene or set of genes leads directly to anxiety
-neurotransmitters

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37
Q

Main neurotransmitters that are closely linked to anxiety

A

serotonin: (mood and motor)- related to panic, OCD, and general anxiety
Norepinephrine: (physical symptoms)- related to panic, phobias, and PTSD (as well as panic attacks)
GABA: (helps inhibit nerve cells closely related to anxiety)- may be deficient in people with anxiety-related disorders, contributing to excessive worrying and panic symptoms

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38
Q

Cortisol definition

A

for threat, elevated and slow to return to baseline

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39
Q

behavioral inhibition definition/risk (anxiety)

A

A risk factor for anxiety-related disorders involving withdrawal from things that are unfamiliar or new
-10-15% are born w this

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40
Q

Evolutionary influences definition (anxiety)

A

Preparedness is the idea that humans are biologically prepared to fear certain stimuli more than others

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41
Q

Catastrophizing definition

A

A cognitive distortion involving the assumption that terrible but incorrect consequences will result from an event

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42
Q

Emotional reasoning definition

A

A cognitive distortion involving the assumption that one’s physical feelings really are
-people with anxiety disorders make errors in judgment about their skills (underestimate themselves)

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43
Q

Thought action fusion definition

A

A risk factor that involves a belief that thinking something is the same as doing it.
-many people w OCD view their thoughts as dangerous and this triggers obsessions, they try and suppress it which causes even more obsessions

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44
Q

Emotional processing definition

A

A person’s ability to think about a past anxiety-provoking event without significant anxiety
-people WITH anxiety have trouble processing past events
-poor emotional processing helps anxiety maintain for long periods of time when there’s no threat

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45
Q

Anxiety sensitivity definition

A

A risk factor for anxiety-related disorders involving fear of the potential dangerousness of one’s physical symptoms
-like health
-May be learned overtime of just a type of temperament that is present in early life and related to certain biological predispositions

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46
Q

Family factors (anxiety)

A

-Parental practices, modeling and insecure attachment could lead to reduced opportunities for a child to practice anxiety management skills in different social and evaluative situations.

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47
Q

Learning experiences (anxiety)

A

Excessive fear can be a learned response
-modeling parent behavior
-direct learning= classical or operant conditioning
-information transfer (a child may hear stories from another child and develop a fear from them)

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48
Q

Fears are reinforced by _______

A

Avoidence

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49
Q

Causes of GAD/OCD disorders

A

-biological vulnerabilities
-psychological vulnerability

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50
Q

Prevention of anxiety disorders

A

Education
-teaching kids to address things correctly (by coping ect)
-build ability to control situations
-FRIEND model

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51
Q

Treatment of anxiety disorders (general)

A

Antianxiety medication
Antidepressants
Psychoeducation
Somatic control exercises
Exposure therapy
Cognitive therapy

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52
Q

Antianxiety and antidepressants examples/what they do

A

Antianxiety
-benzodiazepines (xanax, ativan, valium, klonopin)
-help treat panic disorder (targets GABA)
-people can become dependent
Antidepressants
-Prozac, paxil, zoloft, luvox,celexa,lexapro
-Regulates serotonin
-Treats social and general anxiety

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53
Q

Psychoeducation (anxiety)

A

Treatment technique that involves educating a person about the physical, cognitive and behavioral components of anxiety/ disorders and have these components occur in a sequence for that person

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54
Q

Somatic control exercises definition/examples(anxiety)

A

Treatment techniques to help people with anxiety-related disorders decrease the severity of their physical feelings
-Relaxation training (having a person tense and release different muscle groups)
-Breathing retraining (inhaling slowly and deeply through nose and out mouth)

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55
Q

Cognitive therapy (anxiety)

A

Treatment to help people think more realistically and develop a sense of control over anxious situations

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56
Q

Exposure based practices defintion (Anxiety)

A

Treatment for behavioral symptoms of anxiety that involved reintroducing a person to situations they commonly avoid
-the fear will decrease over time
-the person can then control the fear

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57
Q

Exposure based practices types/examples (anxiety/OCD)

A

systematic desensitization: based on the principle of classical conditioning
flooding: involves exposure and eventual extinction of someone most intense fear
-rapid
interoceptive exposure: includes exposure and eventual control of physical symptoms of anxiety
Worry exposure: intense concentration on an anxious thought and alternatives to worst case senario
Response prevention: including exposure to an obsession and not engaging in it
-OCD related

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58
Q

Definition of depression

A

complete inability to interact with others or even leave the house
-suicide
-extreme sadness
-hoplessnesss

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59
Q

Definition of euphoria

A

intense state of happiness
-short termed feeling
-generally not harmful if temporary

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60
Q

Chronic euphoria defintion

A

Constant feelings of racing thoughts
-nonstop
-poor personal decisions

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61
Q

Grandiosity defintino

A

The belief that one is especially powerful or talented when it isn’t true
-severe symptoms that can lead to extreme irritability and self-destruction or suiciducal behavior (relates to mania)

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62
Q

Mania definition

A

The opposite of happiness and euphoria
-when feelings of mania and depression interferes with daily functioning it can be a depressive disorder or mood disorders

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63
Q

Depressive disorder definition

A

Marked by substantial sadness and related characteristic symptoms
-unipolar disorder

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64
Q

Bipolar definition disorder

A

A mental disturbance sometimes characterized by depression and mania

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65
Q

Major depressive episode definition

A

Period of time (2 weeks or longer) marked by sad or empty mood most of the day, nearly every day (and other symptoms)
-intense sadness
depressive episodes experience loss in pleasure for activities

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66
Q

Major depressive disorder definition/symptoms ect

A

Marked by multiple major depressive episodes
-2 month interval must occur for episodes to be considered separate from each other
-range of mild-moderate-severe
-postpartum/peripartum
seasonal depression

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67
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder definition/symptoms

A

Marked by depressive symptoms during menstrual periods
-depressed, anxious, angry, mood swings, fatigue, eating issues
-physical symptoms of bloating/ joint pain
-link to hormonal changes

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68
Q

Peripartum/post partum depression definition/ symptoms

A

Refers to symptoms of depression or major depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth
-caused by hormonal changes or social isolation
-13% of women

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69
Q

Persistent depressive disorder(dysthymia)

A

Depressive disorder involving chronic feelings of depression (at lest 2 years)
-Not as severe as symptoms of major depression but ‘low-grade symptoms”
-Early or late onset
-intense feelings of sadness every day (no relief of symptoms longer than 2 months)

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70
Q

Double depression definition

A

Presence of persistent depressive disorder and major depressive episode at the same time

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71
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation defintion

A

recurrent temper outbursts that are severe and out of proportion
-at least 3 times a week
-6-18 yrs

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72
Q

Manic episodes definition/symptoms

A

A period during which a person feels highly euphoric or irritable
-uncontrollably long periods lead to destructive behavior
-key symptom: sense of grandiosity
-speak rapidly and severe problems in functioning

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73
Q

Bipolar 1 disorder defintion/symptoms (manic depression disorder)

A

one or more manic episodes in a person
-generally, there is a major depressive episode
-mixed features (mania with symptoms of depression that don’t rise to the level of a major depressive episode)
-Rapid cycling (switching from depression-> mania and back again with short period of normal mood)
-Ultra rapid cycling
-HYPERmania

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74
Q

Bipolar 2 disorder

A

compromises episodes of hypomania that alternate with episodes of major depression
-hypomania could worsen
-hypomanic episodes by themselves do not cause significant impairment

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75
Q

Cyclothymic disorder defintion/symptoms(Cyclothymia)

A

Symptoms of hypomania and depression that fluctuate over (at least) a 2-year period
-not full-blown episodes of depression
-general symptoms of hypomania and depression cycle back and forth maybe w normal moods

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76
Q

suicide definition

A

killing yourself
-not a mental disorder but the most serious aspect of depressive/bipolar disorders

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77
Q

Aspects of suicide

A

-suicidal ideation(thoughts ab death/ other morbid thoughts
-suicide behavior (self destructive behavior that may/ may not indicate wanting to die)
-suicidal attempt (self destructive behavior in which someone IS trying to kill themselves)
-suicidal completion (someone has died from killing themselves)

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78
Q

Egoistic suicide defintion

A

refers to a situation in which a persons social integration is weak (doesn’t think he matters, no one cares)

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79
Q

Anomic suicide definition

A

A person struggles adapting to disruptive social order created by events like an economic crisis

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80
Q

Fatalistic suicide definition

A

A person feels oppressed by society so they can only escape through suicide

81
Q

Altruistic suicide definition

A

A person commits suicide to benefit society or those around him (someone in the military)

82
Q

Biological risk factors (depressive disorders)

A

Depression runs in families
affects prefrontal and other cortical areas
damage to white matter, basal ganglia and pons could contribute to mood disorders
-reduced white matter specifically affects bipolar and schizophrenia

83
Q

What neurotransmitters does depression affect

A

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
-often people w depression have raised cortisol levels

84
Q

Sleep deficiencies symptoms/examples

A

people w depression often have insomnia and hypersomnia
people w depression enter REM faster and less deep sleep

85
Q

Stress effects depression how?

A

People w depression struggle to cope with stressful life events
stressful life events can also cause manic episodes

86
Q

Cognitive factors in depression

A

people often have pessimistic view of themselves
negative cognitive triad
automatic thoughts
hopelessness

87
Q

Interpersonal factors in depression

A

depression is often linked to difficulties socializing, communicating and relationship/marital issues

88
Q

how Family factors affect depression

A

impaired attachment to parents
depressed mothers

89
Q

Causes of depression

A

Genetic predispositions, biological vulnerability, psychological vulnerability

90
Q

definition of endogenous depression and what is it caused by

A

developing a sadness for little apparent reason (caused biologically)

91
Q

definition of exogenous depression and what its caused by

A

develop sadness bc they cope w major life stressors (often follows a major event) caused by enviroment

92
Q

Prevention (depression)

A

RAP-A and RAP-F
cognitive restructuring (helping a person think realistically)
-Preventing suicide is priortized

93
Q

treatment of depression (not medication)

A

Interviews, self-reports, questionnaires, self-monitoring, observations from others, and physiological assessment

94
Q

treatment of depression (medication)

A

Antidepressants
-increase serotonin and norepinephrine
-SSRI (directly and only affects serotonin)
-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (enhances tyramine to increase serotonin and norepinephrine)
-Tricyclic antidepressants (affect different neurotransmitters and has numerous side affects)

95
Q

Treatment of BPD (medication)

A

Mood-stabilizing drugs (helps people control rapid shifts in mood)
-Lithium is most effective but highly toxic
-divalproex (an anticonvulsant that increases GABA levels and creates a sedating effect)

96
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (2 types)

A

shock therapy
-1-2 electrodes on a person’s head and deliberately inducing a seizure to alleviate severe depression
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
-places an electromagnetic coil on a persons scalp and introducing a pulsating, high intensity current

97
Q

behavioral activation in depression/bdp

A

-psychoeducation, increasing daily activities, rewarding progress

98
Q

self-control therapy (depression)

A

a person reinforcing themselves for active, non-depressed behaviors

99
Q

Skills training definition/types (depression)

A

Social skills training
Coping or problem skills training

100
Q

Cognitive therapy (depression)

A

-main staple treatment
-interpersonal therapy (focuses on preparing problematic relationships or coping w/loss of relationships)
-family therapy

101
Q

weight concerns definition

A

A focus on and often negative evaluation of ones weight
-feeling overweight

102
Q

Body dissatisfaction definition

A

negative self-evaluation of what one’s body looks like
-unhappy and want to change how they look
-distressed
-avoid social situations where one could be judged by their weight

103
Q

Weight concerns and body dissatisfaction are _____ constructs

A

dimensional

104
Q

Eating problems defintion

A

Deliberate attempts to limit the quantity of food intake or change the types of food that are eaten (dieting)

105
Q

Lack of control of eating and the components

A

A feeling of poor control when eating excessive quantities of food. Cognitive (beliving one has lost control) component and behavioral (eating too much) component

106
Q

Anorexia defintion

A

Marled by refusal to maintain a minimum, normal body weight, intense fear in gaining weight and disturbance in perception of body shape and weight
-restrictive eating

107
Q

the different types of anorexia nervousa

A

-restricting
-binge and purge

108
Q

why is anorexia binging and purging different than bulimia

A

anorexia has weight loss, bulimia is at a normal weight

109
Q

medical consequences of eating disorders

A

dehydration, hypotensive, kidney dysfunction, anemia, cardiovascular problems, dental issues, osteoporosis, bowel issues

110
Q

bulimia nervosa defintion

A

Marked by binge eating, inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain, and self-evaluation greatly influenced by body shape and weight

111
Q

What are compensatory behaviors/examples

A

Inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain
-purging
-non purging (fasting for several days)

112
Q

Binge eating disorder defintion

A

Marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating but no compensatory behavior
-lack of control when eating

113
Q

most common features of binge disorder

A

Eating more rapidly than normal
eating despite feeling uncomfortably full
eating large amounts when not hungry
feeling embarrassed over amount of food consumed
feeling disgusted, depressed or guilty after eating

114
Q

Peak ages for anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder

A

Anorexia= 19-20 yrs
Bulimia= 16-20 yrs
Binge= 18-20 yrs

115
Q

how does the amygdala and hypothalamus affect eating disorders

A

amygdala- cues us to eat
hypothalamus- regulates our hunger

116
Q

neurochemical features that affect eating disorders

A

-dopamine (linked to pleasurable aspects of food)
-satiety (feeling full from eating)
-endogenous opioids (chemicals that suppress appetite after intense exercise. It reinforces the self starvation aspect)

117
Q

personality traits that affect eating disorders

A

perfectionism
impulsitvity

118
Q

prevention of eating disorders

A

education
national eating disorder week
student bodies

119
Q

treatment of eating disorders

A

interviews, self-report, self-monitoring, physical assessment

120
Q

biological treatments for eating disorders

A

controlled weight gain
SSRI
family therapy
cognitive behavioral therapy

121
Q

long term outlook for eating disorders

A

prognosis for anorexia is not good
prognosis for bulimia is 50%
prognosis for binge is 33%

122
Q

Somatization definition

A

a tendency to communicate distress through physical symptoms and to pursue medical help for these symptoms

123
Q

somatic symptom disorder definition/ symptoms

A

A person experiences physical symptoms that may/ may not have a discoverable physical cause, as well as distress
-some people may be excessively preoccupied
-Key part: the person has recurrent thoughts that the symptom is serious or has great anxiety ab the symptoms or their health

124
Q

Somatic symptom disorder symptoms are _____

A

REAL

125
Q

Functional somatic symptoms definition

A

Medically unexplained symptoms not part of another mental disorder

126
Q

Presenting somatic symtoms definition

A

somatic symptoms usually presented as a part of another mental disorder

127
Q

Illness anxiety definition

A

Marked by excessive preoccupation with fear of having a disease (related to hypochondriasis)
-intensely aware of bodily functions and very detailed complaints

128
Q

how does autosuggestability relate to illness anxiety

A

Autosuggestability is when you read or hear about an illness and then that leads to being scared of getting that illness.

129
Q

Conversion disorder definition/ symptoms

A

Marked by odd pseudonuerological symptoms that have no discoverable medical cause
-suggest a neurological or medical disorder with nothing backing it up
-real symptoms, no medical explanation

130
Q

factitious disorder definition/ symptoms

A

Marked by deliberate production of physical or psychological symptoms to assume the sick role
-make themselves purposely sick by taking meds or inducing fevers

131
Q

Munchausen syndrome definition/ symptoms

A

A severe factitious disorder in which a person causes symptoms and claims they have a physical or mental disorder
-mimicking seizures or injecting bacteria into oneself

132
Q

Muchausen syndrome by proxy definition

A

Adults who deliberately induce illness or pain into a child and then present the child for medical care

133
Q

Malingering defintion

A

deliberate production of physical or psychological symptoms with some external motivation
-not a formal defintion

134
Q

Epidemiology of somatic symptom disorder

A

-somatic symtom disorder= .8-4.7%
-illness anxiety disorder= .25-1%
-conversion disorder= .3%

135
Q

brain features for somatic symptom disorder

A

the amygdala, limbic system, hypothalamus, and prefrontal, somatosensory cortices

136
Q

Primary and secondary gain definition

A

primary: unconscious use of physical symptoms to reduce psychological distress
secondary: refers to receiving social reinforcement for somatic complaints

137
Q

somatosensory awareness definition

A

tendency to notice and amplify physical sensations.

138
Q

cultural factors of somatic symptom disorder

A

Psychological conditions are highly stigmatized in non-western countries

139
Q

assessment types for somatic symptom disorder

A

Interviews, questionnaires, personality assessments

140
Q

medication type for somatic symptom disorder

A

SSRI

141
Q

psychological treatments for somatic symptom disorder

A

-cognitive therapy
-behavioral therapy
-contingency management(a behavioral treatment technique in which family members and friends reward appropriate behavior in an individual
-relaxation training, exposure, response prevention, social skills and assertiveness

142
Q

dissociation definition

A

A feeling of detachment or seperation from oneself
-often mild or temporary

143
Q

dissociative disorder definition

A

class of mental disorders marked by disintegration of memory, consciousness or identity

144
Q

dissociative amnesia definition

A

Marked by severe memory loss for past and or recent events
-involves forgetting highly personal information

145
Q

dissociative fugue definition

A

marked by severe memory loss and sudden travel away from home/ work
-can forget ab personal events and move to a different part of country/ world
-cannot recall past

146
Q

dissociative identity disorder definition

A

Marked by multiple personalities in a single individual
-2 or more distinct personalities
-“splitting”

147
Q

two-way amnesiac relationship definition

A

means that the personalities are not aware of the existence of one another

148
Q

one way amnesiac relationship definition

A

means that the personalities are aware of the other personalities, but it’s not always reciprocated

149
Q

mutually aware relationship definition

A

means that the personalities are aware of all other personalities and even may communicate with one another

150
Q

Depersonalization/ realization disorder definition

A

marked by chronic episodes of detachment from one’s body and feelings of derealization
-maintain a sense of reality but may feel that they are floating above themselves, watching themselves through their motions

151
Q

derealization definition

A

sense that surrounding events are not real

152
Q

memory changes in dissociative disorders

A

compartmentalization
-difficulty recalling information
-trouble distinguishing true and false memories

153
Q

brain features that can contribute to dissociative disorder

A

amygdala, locus coerules, thalamus, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, frontal coretx

154
Q

traumatic experiences and PTSD are closely linked to ___?

A

dissociative disorder

155
Q

the primary way of assessing dissociative disorder

A

Interviews and questionnaires

156
Q

What types of medications are used for dissociative disorder?

A

Anxiolytics
antidepressents
antipsychotic
Anticonvulsant

157
Q

psychological treatment for dissociative disorder

A

psychotherapy (main goal is to help regenerate memories)
Hypnosis (refers to relaxed and focused state of mind)

158
Q

Substance use definition (and examples)

A

a nonmaldaptive use of alcohol or drug
-alcohol, nicotine, caffeine or morphine derivative)

159
Q

Substance-related disorder definition and symptoms

A

A class of mental disorders characterized by substance use disorders as well as substance intoxication and withdrawal (severe degree)
-impaired control
-social impairment
-risky use
-psychological dependence
-tolerance
-withdrawl

160
Q

substance intoxication definition and symptoms

A

A usually reversible condition triggered by excessive alcohol or other drug use
-could experience maladaptive behavior changes
-binges

161
Q

The types of substances

A

depressants (alcohol)
stimulants
opiates (opiods)
hallucinogens
marijuana

162
Q

what neurotransmitter does alcohol trigger

A

Triggers GABA

163
Q

disinhibition definition

A

The state that occurs when alcohol inhibits key inhibitory systems of the brain
-makes a person do things they usually don’t do
-reduced central nervous system activity

164
Q

drinking past the disinhibition stage causes what to happen?

A

increased sexual desire but poor preformence
believing your sober
memory impairment

165
Q

what health issues correlate with alcoholism?

A

Cirrhosis of liver
Korsakoffs syndrome (marked by confusion, memory loss, and coordination problems)

166
Q

Common stimulants

A

-Bronchodilators (ease breathing and treat asthma)
-Methylphenidate (treats ADHD/ hyperactivity)
-caffeine
-nicotine
-cocaine
-meth

167
Q

what does caffeine release in the brain? Withdrawals?

A

-norepinephrine and epinephrine
-headaches, irritability, sleepiness, anxiety

168
Q

Nicotine withdrawals and what is it similar to?

A

similar to caffeine but relaxation
withdrawals: restlessness, irritability, concentration and sleep problems

169
Q

cocaine stimulates what in the brain? withdrawals?

A

Stimulates dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
Withdrawal: severe depression, overeating, sleep issues

170
Q

Cocaine is ___ addicting as well as a strong ___ dependence

A

physically addictive with strong psychological dependence

171
Q

amphetamines (meth) stimulates what? withdrawals?

A

stimulates (increases) dopamine and norepinephrine
withdrawals: depression, anxiety, fatigue, paranoia, intense cravings of drug)
VERY severe withdrawal

172
Q

Opioids stimulate what? Withdrawals?

A

stimulate many different types of opiate receptors in the brain -across hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus)
Withdrawals: agitation, chills, drowsiness, cramps, vomiting, sweating and diarrhea
SEVERE withdrawas

173
Q

Hallucinogens stimulate what? Withdrawals?

A

Stimulate dopamine
minor withdrawals/ no withdrawals

174
Q

Weed stimulates what? Withdrawals?

A

Stimulates cannabinoid receptors (cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus)
withdrawals: very minor but include sleep issues, anxiety, irritability

175
Q

Weed is not ____ addictive

A

physically

176
Q

Definition of Marijuana

A

A drug produced from hemp plant that contains THC

177
Q

Definition of Hallucinogens

A

Class of drugs that produce psychosis-like symptoms

178
Q

definition of opiates

A

Class of drug commonly used to relieve pain (narcotics or opiods)

179
Q

Stimulates definition

A

A class of drug that activate the central nervous system

180
Q

Depressant definition

A

class of drugs that inhibit the central nervous system

181
Q

Substance use is common among ___students

A

college

182
Q

what group drinks the most

A

European white men

183
Q

definitions of metabolism of alcohol and low level of response

A

metabolism of alcohol: some people process alcohol faster than others (=less susceptible)
Low level of response: People have to drink more to achieve same psychological effects (=more at risk)

184
Q

Heritability is strongest for that substance use disorder?

A

Strongest dependence on cocaine and opiates (heroin and prescription pain killers)

185
Q

Brain features that relate to substance use disorder

A

mesolimbic pathways

186
Q

reward deficiency definition

A

theory that some people may not be able to derive much reward from everyday events and so resort to drug use

187
Q

___ is an important trigger in substance abuse

A

Stress

188
Q

Major personality factors that relate to substance use disorder

A

-addictive personality
-impulsivity

189
Q

distal factors definition and examples

A

casual factors that indirectly affect a particular mental disorder
-problematic family relationships, parental drug use, culture

190
Q

Proximal factors definition and examples

A

Casual factors that more directly affect a particular mental disorder
-consequences of drug use (positive and/or negative)

191
Q

Treatments for substance use disorder

A

Interviews (screening and motivational)

192
Q

psychological treatments for substance abuse

A

MMPI-2
MAST (Michigan alcohol screening test)
CAGE
million clinical multiaxial

193
Q

Types of lab testing

A

urine screenings
blood tests
bretahalyzer
hair analysis
sweat tests

194
Q

Treatment for substance use disorders (and what they do)

A

-Agonists (meds that have similar chemical compositions as the drug)
-Cross tolerance (tolerance for drug one has never taken bc of tolerance to another drug w similar chemical composition)
-Antagonists (medications that may act as an agonist or antagonist depending on how much or a certain neurotransmitter is produced)
-Aversives (Make ingestion of addictive drug uncomfortable)
-antianxiety/antidepressents

195
Q

Rehabilitation definition/ what its used for

A

treatment involving complete abstinence, education ab drugs and their consequences of their use and relapse prevention

196
Q

how is cognitive behavior therapy used in substance use disorders?

A

Behavioral therapy (changing learning patterns and other maladaptive behaviors)

197
Q

Multidimensional family therapy definition

A

Family-based treatment approach that on developing a strong parent-adolescent bond and correcting related problems

198
Q

___therapy and ___group therapy are the most common forms of treatment

A

Group therapy and self-help (like AA)

Abnormal Psych (5 decks)

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