Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the 4 main functions of the digestive or gastrointestinal system?

Answer 1

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination

Question 2

What happens at the process of ingestion?

Answer 2

Food/beverage/medication material is taken into the mouth

Question 3

What happens during the process of digestion?

Answer 3

Food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract

Question 4

What are enzymes? Digestive enzyme?

Answer 4

Enzyme = speed up chemical reaction

Digestive Enzyme = speed up chemical reaction and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients

Question 5

What does the digestive enzyme breakdown proteins, sugars, and fats into?

Answer 5

Proteins –> amino acids
Sugars –> glucose
Fats –> fatty acids or triglycerides

Question 6

What happens during the process of absorption?

Answer 6

• Digested food passes into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine
• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body

Question 7

What happens during the process of elimination?

Answer 7

• The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream
• Large intestine concentrates feces

Question 8

Where does the gastrointestinal tract begin at?

Answer 8

The oral cavity

Question 9

Oral cavity: what are the cheeks?

Answer 9

They form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity

Question 10

What are the lips?

Answer 10

Surround the opening of the oral cavity

Question 11

What is the hard palate?

Answer 11

Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

Question 12

What is the soft palate?

Answer 12

Forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

Question 13

What is the rugae in oral cavity?

Answer 13

Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate

Question 14

What is the uvula?

Answer 14

A small soft tissue projection that hangs from the soft palate

Question 15

What is the tongue?

Answer 15

Extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone.

Question 16

What is mastication?

Answer 16

Moving food around, chewing

Question 17

What is deglutition?

Answer 17

Swallowing

Question 18

What is the papillae?

Answer 18

Small raised areas of the tongue, contains the taste buds

Question 19

What are tonsils?

Answer 19

• mass of lymphatic tissue located in the mucous membrane
• located on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth)
• produces lymphocytes, disease-fighting white blood cells

Question 20

What are the gums?

Answer 20

Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

Question 21

What is a root canal? Why is it performed?

Answer 21

• Aka pulp = blood vessels, nerve ending, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels contain here.
• Performed to clean out the abscess (pus collection) or when it is diseased/infected.

Question 22

What is the pharynx? Function?

Answer 22

Aka throat. Serve as a common passageway for both air and food.

It also leads food pathway to the esophagus

Question 23

What is the importance of epiglottis?

Answer 23

• Epiglottis closes over the trachea when food passes down the pharynx toward the esophagus
• Epiglottis opens when the food has moved down the esophagus
• Essentially protects the airway from being constricted

Question 24

Describe the anatomy of the esophagus

Answer 24

It is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 25

What is a bolus?

Answer 25

Mass of food

Question 26

How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?

Answer 26

- Peristalsis - involuntary, progressive, and rhythmic contraction of muscles in the walls of the esophagus - think of a peristalsis pump, and like a marble being squeezed through a rubber tube.

Question 27

What are the 3 parts of the stomach?

Answer 27

1. Fundus (upper portion) 2. Body (middle portion) 3. Antrim (lower portion)

Question 28

What is the function in the fundus portion of the stomach?

Answer 28

- contains the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), which relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus to the stomach

Question 29

What is the "body" function in the stomach?

Answer 29

- Contains rugae which allows increase surface area for digestion and contains pepsin enzyme that digests proteins. - Has HCL that digest proteins and kills any bacteria in food

Question 30

What is the function of the antrum of the stomach?

Answer 30

- Contains the pyloric sphincter that allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine

Question 31

What is the function of villi? What is it?

Answer 31

Villi lines the walls of the small intestine. Increases the surface for absorption of nutrients.

Question 32

Where does absorption of food/nutrients take place?

Answer 32

In the small intestine

Question 33

Where is the large intestine located? From where to where?

Answer 33

Extends from the end of the ileum to the anus

Question 34

What are the 3 main components to the large intestine?

Answer 34

1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum

Question 35

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 35

- Receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body - Parts of it acts as a storage unit for fecal waste/water is absorbed - Defecation of solid feces is expelled from the large intestine

Question 36

What are the 4 sections of the colons?

Answer 36

1. Ascending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Descending colon 4. Sigmoid colon

Question 37

What is the function of the ascending colon?

Answer 37

Carries feces from the cecum superiority along the right side of our abdominal cavity to the transverse colon

Question 38

What is the function of the transverse colon?

Answer 38

As ingested moves up from the ascending colon, bacteria here break down food matter, remove water and nutrient, and feces form

Question 39

What is the function of the descending colon?

Answer 39

Store the remains of the digested food that will be emptied into the rectum

Question 40

What is emulsification?

Answer 40

Bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest fats

Question 41

What are the important functions of the liver?

Answer 41

1. Produces bile, which contains the pigment bilirubin 2. Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting 3. Releases bilirubin 4. Removes toxins and poisons from the blood

Question 42

What causes jaundice?

Answer 42

- If the bile duct is blocked or the liver damaged and unable to excrete bilirubin into bile, the bilirubin will remain in the bloodstream. - Aka hyperbilirubinemia

Question 43

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 43

Stores bile for later use.

Question 44

What does the duodenum receive from the liver and pancreas?

Answer 44

A mixture of bile and pancreatic juice

Question 45

What is the function of the pancreas?

Answer 45

- Act as both an exocrine and endocrine organ - Exocrine -->produces enzyme amylase = digest starch, lipase = digest fats, protease = digest protein - Endocrine -->secretes insulin

Question 46

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 46

- Hormone produced by pancreas | - Transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Question 47

What is the initial food pathway through the GI tract?

Answer 47

Oral Cavity -->Pharynx --> Esophagus -->Stomach O.P.E.S

Question 48

What is the middle portion of the food pathway to the GI Tract?

Answer 48

Duodenum (pancreas secretes juice/enzyme and live + gallbladder secrete bile into here) --> Jejunum --> ILeum (ALL THIS IS CONSIDER THE SMALL INTESTINE!) D.J.I

Question 49

What is the final portion of the food pathway through the GI Tract?

Answer 49

Cecum --> Ascending Colon --> Transverse Colon --> Descending Colon --> Sigmoid Colon --> Rectum --> Anus (ALL THIS IS LARGE INTESTINE) C.A.T.D.S.R.A