Chapter 5

Question 1

Syntax

Answer 1

How sentences and other phrases can be constructed out of smaller phrases and words

Question 2

Linguistic Expression

Answer 2

A piece of language

Question 3

grammatical

Answer 3

When a string of words forms a sentence in some language, ie syntactically well-formed

Question 4

Principle of compositionality

Answer 4

The meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the expressions it contains and on the way they are syntactically combined

Question 5

grammaticality judgment.

Answer 5

Native speakers of a given language uniquely qualified to decide if a string of words is grammatically correct in their native langauge.

Question 6

Topicalized sentence

Answer 6

A syntactic constituent occurs at the beginning of a sentence in order to highlight the topic under discussion.
Creates a VSO word order

Question 7

Argument

Answer 7

A linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence if some other expression occurs in that sentence as well. If the occurrence of an expression X in a sentence requires the occurrence of an expression Y in that sentence, we say that Y is an argument of X.

Question 8

Complement

Answer 8

A non-subject argument of some expression.

Question 9

adjunct

Answer 9

optional expression to describe a noun, also known as modifiers.

Question 10

Types of adjuncts

Answer 10

Attributive adjective: Small dog, small furry dog

Adjunct modifying a grammatically correct existing sentence: Sally’s cat was sleeping (on the desk)

Question 11

Agreement

Answer 11

Expressions in a sentence must be inflectionally marked for the same person, number, gender.

Question 12

morphosyntax.

Answer 12

syntax and morphology considered jointly as a single component of grammar.

Question 13

syntactic constituent

Answer 13

smaller expressions out of which the phrase was constructed. Sally went to France (In July). Sally devoured (an apple).

Question 14

Cleft constituent test

Answer 14

A constituent is displaced, or moved to the left.

Question 15

constituent substitution test

Answer 15

smaller expressions out of which the phrase was constructed

Question 16

Pro-form constituent test

Answer 16

A word (e.g., a pronoun) that can replace a syntactic constituent. The cat (she)..
On the desk (there)

Question 17

Syntactic category

Answer 17

a set of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties; that is, they have approximately the same word order and co-occurrence requirements

Question 18

Syntactic Distribution

Answer 18

If two expressions are interchangeable in all syntactic environments, we say that they have the same syntactic distribution and therefore belong to the same syntactic category

Question 19

Sentence (S)

Answer 19

A syntactic category that consists of all phrasal expressions that can grammatically occur in Sally thinks that ______.Edition.

Question 20

Noun Phrases (NP)

Answer 20

consists of personal pronouns (he, she, you, it, we, etc.), proper names, and any other expressions that have the same distribution.

Question 21

Count nouns

Answer 21

Nouns that are able to be counted or pluralized. (one cat, five cats, cats, desks) Singular from, must have determiner.

Question 22

Mass nouns

Answer 22

cannot be counted, and not normally pluralized. ex: advice, gravel. Can occur without a determiner.

Question 23

Demonstrative determiners

Answer 23

this, that, these, those

Question 24

Possessive determiners

Answer 24

my, your, his, her, our etc

Question 25

Quantificational determiners

Answer 25

a, some, the, every, all few, most etc

Question 26

Determiner

Answer 26

Any expression that can be combined with a noun to its right to form an expression of a category NP. "some" is a determiner of "some cat."

Question 27

Adjectives (adj)

Answer 27

Occur between a determiner and a noun in an NP

Question 28

Verb Phrase (VP)

Answer 28

Expressions, that when combined with NP on the left will result in a sentence.

Question 29

Intransitive verbs

Answer 29

Verbs that require not complements, in the VP category still though.

Question 30

transitive verbs (TV)

Answer 30

Verbs that require a NP complement to form a VP, such as "liked"

Question 31

ditransitive verbs (DTV)

Answer 31

syntactic category if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. A verb that needs two noun phrase complements. Sally "gave" Bob (what?) a book. Bob and book, were needed for "gave."

Question 32

Sentential Complement Verb

Answer 32

syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a sentence as its complement.

Question 33

Adverb (Adv)

Answer 33

syntactic category that consists of expressions such as quickly, well, furiously, etc. Syntactically, adverbs can be verb phrase adjuncts.

Question 34

VP adjuncts

Answer 34

adverbs combine with a VP to form an expression of category VP,

Question 35

N adjuncts

Answer 35

A kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category noun with the resulting expression also being of category noun

Question 36

Prepositional Phrase (PP)

Answer 36

syntactic category that consists of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase. Can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts.

Question 37

Preposition (P)

Answer 37

lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as of, down, on, over, under, in, for, from, of, at with, etc.

Question 38

Lexical entry

Answer 38

consists of a syntactic category name followed by an arrow followed by a word. Or use {..,...,...} to the right of the arrow for multiple entries

Question 39

Phrase Structure rules

Answer 39

used to capture patterns of syntactic combination. They are similar in form to lexical entries, except that they contain only names of syntactic categories; they do not contain any actual linguistic forms.

Question 40

Phrase Structure tree

Answer 40

A visual representation of how phrases are constructed within a descriptive grammar, given the lexicon and the phrase structure rules.

Question 41

Ambiguity

Answer 41

when the same expressions can combine in different ways, resulting in distinct phrases that nevertheless have exactly the same form. Words like bank (BofA or river) or walk (they walk, I went for a walk) have different meaning based on syntax in sentence.

Question 42

Homophony

Answer 42

two or more distinct morphemes or nonphrasal linguistic expressions happen to have the same form, i.e., sound the same, but have different meaning

Question 43

Structural Ambiguity

Answer 43

a single string of words (or morphemes) is the form of more than one distinct phrasal expression (or word). Arises because the same expressions can combine differently syntactically, resulting in distinct phrases that happen to have the same form.