Chapter 5/7: Communicable diseases and treating disease

Question 1

What do medicines do?

Answer 1

They soothe the effects of bacteria and viruses

Question 2

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 2

They damage bacteria and eventually kill them

Question 3

Do antibiotics kill viruses, Protozoa or fungi?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Define Correlation

Answer 4

An apparent link or relationship between two things that happen

Question 5

Communicable

Answer 5

An infectious disease passed on by pathogens.

Question 6

Non communicable

Answer 6

Diseases which are not passed on from person to person

Question 7

Define health

Answer 7

Health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 8

Give examples of factors that cause mental and physical decay

Answer 8

Diet

Stress

Question 9

Do different types of disease interact

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

What are the causes of communicable diseases

Answer 10

Things called pathogens. Bacteria viruses, fungi, protists

Question 11

Why does bacteria make you feel ill?

Answer 11

Bacteria can produce toxins that make you feel ill

Question 12

What do viruses do to your cells?

Answer 12

They live and reproduce inside your cells, causing cell damage

Question 13

How do pathogens spread?

Answer 13

Direct contact
Air
Water

Question 14

How does bacteria cause disease?

Answer 14

Bacteria divide rapidly by splitting in two. They may produce poisons that affect your body nd cells sometimes they directly damage your cells

Question 15

How do viruses damage your cells?

Answer 15

They take over a body cell. They live and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them

Question 16

Name some key ways that the spread of disease can be slowed and prevented

Answer 16

Simple hygiene
Destroying vectors
Isolation of infected
Vaccination

Question 17

Describe the measles virus

Answer 17

It is spread by droplet infection.
It causes fever and a rash and can be fatal.
There is no cure.
Isolation of patients and vaccination prevents spread.

Question 18

Describe HIV

Answer 18

HIV usually causes flu like symptoms.
Unless controlled it attacks the body immune system.
Late stage HIV infections or AIDS occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections.
It is spread through sexual contact or bodily fluids

Question 19

Describe the tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 19

Is spread by contact and vectors.
It damages leaves and reduces photosynthesis.
No treatment.
Pest control and field hygiene prevent spread

Question 20

Describe salmonella

Answer 20

It is spread through uncooked food or poor hygiene.
Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting caused by toxins.
Poultry in U.K. Vaccinated

Question 21

Describe gonorreah

Answer 21

An STD
Symptoms include discharge from genitalia and pain during urination.
Treatment involves antibiotics
Condoms and limiting sexual partners prevents spread

Question 22

Describe a bacteria affecting plants

Answer 22

Not many but agrobacterium tumefaciens causes galls

Question 23

Describe rose black spot

Answer 23

Spread by wind and water.
It damages leaves to fall off.
It is controlled by removing infected leaves and chemical sprays but is unaffective

Question 24

Describe malaria

Answer 24

I caused by parasitic Protists.
Spread by bite of female mosquitoes
It damages blood and liver cells.
Causes fevers and shaking and can be fatal.
Some drugs are effective
Spread reduced by using nets and stopping the vectors from breeding

Question 25

Give 5 examples of your body's defence against pathogens

Answer 25

``` Skin Nose Trachea Bronchi Stomach ```

Question 26

What do your white blood cells do?

Answer 26

They help to defend your body against pathogens by investing them and by making antibodies and antitoxins

Question 27

What happens when pathogen enters the body

Answer 27

The immune system attempt to destroy the pathogen

Question 28

What is vaccination?

Answer 28

Introducing small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body. It stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies. If the same live pathogen enters the body the white blood cells produce the correct antibodies to destroy the pathogen preventing infection

Question 29

Why is it important to get vaccinated?

Answer 29

If a large amount of the population is immune to a pathogen the spread is greatly reduced

Question 30

What are antigens?

Answer 30

Every cell has unique proteins on its surface called antigens. Your immune system recognised the pathogens antigen is different to your own and attacks it.

Question 31

What do painkillers do?

Answer 31

They treat symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it

Question 32

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 32

They cure bacterial disease by killing the bacterial pathogens

Question 33

Is the emergence of strains of bacterial resistant to antibiotics a concern?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What has antibiotics done for fatality from infectious disease?

Answer 34

Improved them, less people die

Question 35

Why don't antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 35

Viruses reproduce inside the cells. It is difficult to develop drugs that can destroy viruses without damaging your body cells

Question 36

What drugs are extensively tested?

Answer 36

Efficacy, toxicity and dosage

Question 37

Where are new drugs first tested?

Answer 37

In laboratories using cells, tissues

Question 38

what does preclinical testing consist of?

Answer 38

In a laboratory on cells, tissue and live animals

Question 39

What do clinical trials consist of

Answer 39

They use healthy volunteers and patients. Low doses are used to test for safety followed by higher doses to test for dosage

Question 40

What are some patients given in a double blind trials

Answer 40

Some patients are given a placebo

Question 41

Give an example where different diseases interact in the body

Answer 41

Problem with the immune system can lead to an increased chance of communicable diseases such as influenza

Question 42

Give a pro and con of vaccination

Answer 42

Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common. Vaccines don't always work and give you immunity.

Question 43

What is the efficacy of a drug?

Answer 43

Whether the drug works properly and produces the effects the you're looking for

Question 44

What is the toxicity of a drug?

Answer 44

How harmful It is

Question 45

What is the dosage of a drug?

Answer 45

The concentration of a drug that should be given and how often it should be given

Question 46

Why are drugs tested on healthy human volunteers first?

Answer 46

To see if it has any negative effects on a healthy human body

Question 47

What is a placebo

Answer 47

It is given to patients in clinical trials. It does nothing but because the patient expects them to fell better it tricks the brain

Question 48

Why must results from drug testing be peer viewed?

Answer 48

To prevent any false claims

Question 49

Do medicines kill pathogens?

Answer 49

No

Question 50

Do they effect healthy human body cells?

Answer 50

No