Chapter 11: Hormonal Coordination

Question 1

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

It is composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream the blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect.

Question 2

What are two differences between the nervous system and hormones

Answer 2

The effect of hormones are much slower than nerves

The effects of hormones are much longer lasting

Question 3

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

It is the master gland and secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions. Some of these hormones act on other glands and stimulate them to release hormones to bring about special effects.

Question 4

What are the main endocrine glands?

Answer 4

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes

Question 5

What does the pituitary gland control?

Answer 5

Controls growth in children
Stimulates thyroid gland to make thyroxine to control metabolism
In women- stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs and make the female sex hormone oestrogen
In men- stimulates the testes to make sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone

Question 6

What does the thyroid gland do?

Answer 6

Controls the metabolic rate of the body

Question 7

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 7

Controls the levels of glucose in the blood

Question 8

What does the adrenal gland do?

Answer 8

Prepares the body for stressful situations

Fight or flight response

Question 9

What do the ovaries do?

Answer 9

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle

Question 10

What do the testes do?

Answer 10

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm

Question 11

What is glucose used for in the body?

Answer 11

Glucose- the sugar used in respiration

Question 12

What is glycogen?

Answer 12

Glycogen- a storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles becase it is insoluble in water

Question 13

What is glucagon?

Answer 13

A hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
It is produced by the pancreas so that glucose is released back into the blood.
It interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control glucose levels

Question 14

What controls and monitors your blood glucose concentration?

Answer 14

Pancreas

Question 15

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 15

The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells and to be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

Question 16

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 16

The blood glucose may rise to fatally high levels because the pancreas doesn’t secrete enough insulin

Question 17

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

The body stops responding to its own insulin

Question 18

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

Answer 18

By injecting insulin directly into the blood to replace the hormone that is not made in the body

Question 19

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer 19

It is treated by a carbohydrate controlled diet and doin more exercise, if this doesn’t work drugs may be needed.

Question 20

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

It is linked to obesity, lack of exercise, and old age. It can be cured

Question 21

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 21

It is an autoimmune disease which means your immune system attacks healthy body tissue in this case pancreas cells.

Question 22

What is negative feedback?

Answer 22

Negative feedback systems work to maintain a steady state.
If a factor in the internal environment increases, changes take place to reduce it and restore the original levels
If a factor in the internal environment decreases, changes take place to increase it and restore the original levels.

Question 23

An example of negative feedback in the body. (Thyroxine)

Answer 23

Thyroxine controls the basal metabolic rate of your body. In adults the levels remain relatively stable. It stays stable because of the negative feedback loop of TSH. It is produced by the pituitary gland. It causes the thyroxine gland to produce more thyroxine if the levels are low and less if the levels are high.

Question 24

An example of a hormone that doesn’t work in negative feedback?

Answer 24

The adrenal glands secrete adrenalin in times of fear or stress. It causes the heart rate to increase and respiration to increase to provide more energy to the muscle cells as well as increasing blood and glucose to brain. After the danger is over the adrenal glands stop producing adrenalin and the body goes back to its resting position

Question 25

What happens to hormones during puberty?

Answer 25

During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop. In males testosterone is released from the testes and stimulates sperm production. In females oestrogen is produced it causes the eggs to develop and the girl starts her period

Question 26

What are the hormones in the female menstrual cycle?

Answer 26

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Oestrogen Progesterone

Question 27

What is FSH?

Answer 27

Follicle stimulating hormone causes the egg in the ovary to mature

Question 28

What is LH?

Answer 28

Stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation

Question 29

What is Oestrogen?

Answer 29

It builds up the lining of the womb

Question 30

What is progesterone?

Answer 30

Maintains the lining of the womb

Question 31

Where is Lh produced?

Answer 31

Pituitary gland

Question 32

Where is FSH produced?

Answer 32

Pituitary gland

Question 33

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 33

Ovaries

Question 34

Where is oestrogen produced?

Answer 34

Ovaries

Question 35

Describe the negative feedback loop of FOLP (FSH,O,LH,P)

Answer 35

FSH causes the egg to mature inside the ovary, after the egg matures it stimulates the release of Oestrogen which both builds up the uterus lining and also inhibits the production of FSH. After this LH Is produced which releases the egg into the fallopian tube, it also inhibits the production of oestrogen. After the egg is released progesterone is released which maintains the uterus lining, it inhibits no only LH but also FSH as secondary precaution.

Question 36

What is contraception?

Answer 36

It is preventing the egg and sperm meeting and implanting a fertilised egg in the uterus.

Question 37

How can fertility be controlled?

Answer 37

Through contraception- hormonal and non-hormonal methods

Question 38

3 examples of a hormonal contraceptive method?

Answer 38

The pill (comprised of progesterone and oestrogen) Hormonal injections Patches on the skin

Question 39

3 examples of non hormonal methods of contraception.

Answer 39

Condoms Coil Abstinence

Question 40

Why are FSH and LH given to women who are struggling with pregnancy?

Answer 40

FSH stimulates the maturity of eegs and LH triggers their release. It triggers ovulation in women with low levels of these hormones.

Question 41

Describe in vitro fertilisation?

Answer 41

First the woman is given high levels of FSH and LH which causes multiple eggs to mature. These eggs are taken from the ovary using a needle and are transported to a test tube where sperm cells are introduced. The sperm cells fertilise the egg. The egg is then put back inside the women's uterus.

Question 42

What are the downsides to IVF treatment?

Answer 42

It is expensive- several thousand per treatment. It is stressful and painful for the mother. It can lead to multiple births It is often unsuccessful