Chapter 5

Question 1

cinematography is quoted as

Answer 1

“writing in movement”

Question 2

photography is quoted as

Answer 2

“writing in light”

Question 3

tonality

Answer 3

considering how light registers on film, the control of a range of tones and shades

Question 4

contrast

Answer 4

comparative difference between the highlights and shadows (lights and darks) of a frame

Question 5

exposure

Answer 5

regulation of how much light passes through camera lens

Question 6

what does the speed of motion onscreen depend on

Answer 6

rate film was shot at and rate of projection

Question 7

what is frame rate calculated in

Answer 7

frames per second

Question 8

what was the standard frame rate since 19201

Answer 8

24 frames per second

Question 9

what are the rame rate ranges of today

Answer 9

8-64 fps

Question 10

ramping

Answer 10

varying frame rate during shooting.

Question 11

focal length

Answer 11

distance from the centre of the lens to point where light beams converge to form area of focus,

Question 12

what does changing the focal length do

Answer 12

alters size and proportions of objects seen onscreen

Question 13

what does a short focal length do

Answer 13

lengthens depth, wider field of vision

Question 14

short focal length

Answer 14

<35mm

Question 15

middle focal length

Answer 15

35 mm

Question 16

what does a middle focal length do

Answer 16

lines are straight and depth is accurate to real life.

Question 17

what does long focal length do

Answer 17

flattens space along axis to make depth reduced, narrower field of vision

Question 18

long focal lens

Answer 18

typically 100 mm or more

Question 19

what is a short focal length lens called

Answer 19

wide-angle lens

Question 20

what is a long focal length lens called

Answer 20

telephoto lens

Question 21

depth of field

Answer 21

range of distances specific to each lens where objects can be photographed in sharp focus given a certain exposure setting.

Question 22

what is a zoom lens

Answer 22

a lens that’s focal length can be changed during a shot.

Question 23

what is changed by a zoom lens

Answer 23

focal length and framing

Question 24

deep space

Answer 24

the way the filmmaker has staged the action on several different planes, regardless of whether all of these planes are in focus.

Question 25

selective focus

Answer 25

focusing on one plane and letting the others blur.

Question 26

deep focus

Answer 26

short focal length lenses and higher light levels to create a greater depth of field.

Question 27

racking focus/pulling focus

Answer 27

used to switch attention between foreground and background, making one plane blurred and another sharp.

Question 28

special effect

Answer 28

photographic manipulations that create fictitious spatial relations in the shot

Question 29

what are some example of special effects

Answer 29

- superimposition - matte work - rear projection

Question 30

which is the most unrealistic special effect

Answer 30

superimposition.

Question 31

what is superimposition

Answer 31

images are laid over one another, creating multiple perspectives within the frame.

Question 32

composite

Answer 32

separately photographed images are blended in a single composition

Question 33

rear projection/process work

Answer 33

project footage of a setting and have actors in front of it

Question 34

what is an example of rear projection

Answer 34

when actors are in a car and a video of scenery moving past plays behind them

Question 35

why are older rear-projects not believable

Answer 35

the depth cues are not very convincing.

Question 36

matte

Answer 36

portion of the setting photographed on a strip of film, with the other part of the frame empty

Question 37

matte work

Answer 37

joining a matte with another strip of film that shows actors/objects that fit in matte's blank area.

Question 38

travelling matte

Answer 38

when actors are filmed in front of blank background and then a background is fit around them (green screen)

Question 39

framing

Answer 39

The use of the edges of the film frame to select and to compose what will be visible onscreen.

Question 40

aspect ratio

Answer 40

ratio of frame width to frame height

Question 41

what was the aspect ratio of early filmmakers

Answer 41

4x3 or 1.33:1

Question 42

what year was the academy ratio defined

Answer 42

1930s

Question 43

what is the academy ratio

Answer 43

1.37:1

Question 44

why was the aspect ratio changed by the academy

Answer 44

to allow room for a sountrack.,

Question 45

what aspect ratio was common in the 1950s

Answer 45

1.85:1

Question 46

what aspect ratio is most common today

Answer 46

widescreen

Question 47

what is the easiest way to create widscreen

Answer 47

masking the image during either production or exhibition.

Question 48

masking/hard matte

Answer 48

stretches of black fabric that frame theatre screen.

Question 49

anamorphic process

Answer 49

creates widescreen by using a special lens to squeeze the image horizontally during filming or printing

Question 50

what are the ways to make an image widescreen

Answer 50

masking or anamorphic process

Question 51

iris

Answer 51

moving circular mask that opens to reveal or closes to conceal

Question 52

canted film level

Answer 52

framing is tipped to one side or another

Question 53

"dutch" framing

Answer 53

canted film level

Question 54

extreme long shot effect

Answer 54

makes human figures appear lost or tiny

Question 55

long shot effect

Answer 55

figures are more prominent but the background still dominates

Question 56

medium long shot effect

Answer 56

human figure is framed from the knees up

Question 57

media shot effect

Answer 57

humans framed from the waist up, gesture and expression are more visible.

Question 58

close up effect

Answer 58

shot showing just the head/hands/feet/small object.

Question 59

extreme close up effect

Answer 59

singles out portion of the face or isolates and magnifies object.

Question 60

mobile framing

Answer 60

allows cinematographers to change angle/level/height of framing during shot

Question 61

What are the types of mobile framing

Answer 61

- panorama shot - tilt shot - tracking/dolly shot - crane shot

Question 62

panorama

Answer 62

camera swivels along vertical axis (camera pans horizontally)

Question 63

tilt shot

Answer 63

camera swivels on horizontal axis (pans vertically)

Question 64

tracking/dolly shot

Answer 64

camera changes whole position by travelling along the ground in any direction

Question 65

crane shot

Answer 65

camera moves above ground level

Question 66

dolly

Answer 66

heavy cart carrying camera

Question 67

what is the difference between a zoom shot and a tracking shot

Answer 67

in a zoom shot, the perspective or vantage point remains consistent but in a tracking shot it changes

Question 68

reframing

Answer 68

changing of camera angle without a cut

Question 69

sequence shot

Answer 69

an entire scene is one long shot