Chapter 5

Question 1

Macromolecule

Answer 1

Giant molecule formed by joining of similar molecules by dehydration reaction
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Similar or identical building blocks assembled into long molecules

Question 3

Monomer

Answer 3

The repeating unit of a polymer

Question 4

Enzyme

Answer 4

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

Question 5

Dehydration reaction

Answer 5

When two molecule bind together and release a water molecule

Question 6

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 6

When a polymer is broken down into smaller units via the addition of a water molecule

Question 7

Carbohydrate

Answer 7

A sugar (monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide)

Question 8

Monosaccharide

Answer 8

A carbohydrate that consists of a single sugar monomer or active alone

Question 9

Disaccharide

Answer 9

A carbohydrate that consists of two sugar monomers bound together

Question 10

Polysaccharide

Answer 10

A carbohydrate that consists of many sugar monomers (hundreds of thousands)

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of glucose monomers (how plants store sugar)

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

A glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals

Question 13

Cellulose

Answer 13

A carbohydrate that is found on the cell walls of plants

Question 14

Chitin

Answer 14

A carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of insects and fungi

Question 15

Lipids

Answer 15

Hydrophobic molecules (mix poorly with water if at all)

Question 16

Fat

Answer 16

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (aka triacylglycerol or triglyceride)

Question 17

Fatty acid

Answer 17

A long hydrogen carbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

Question 18

Triacylglycerol

Answer 18

Three fatty acid chains joined together

Question 19

Saturated

Answer 19

When all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds

Question 20

Unsaturated

Answer 20

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in a the hydrocarbon tail

Question 21

Trans fats

Answer 21

Fats that undergo hydrogenating and become unsaturated because of trans located double bonds

Question 22

Phospholipid

Answer 22

A lipid containing two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Question 23

Steroid

Answer 23

A lipid with four fused rings

Question 24

Cholesterol

Answer 24

Synthesizes hormones

Question 25

Polypeptide

Answer 25

Many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 26

Protein

Answer 26

One or more amino acid polypeptides

Question 27

Amino acid

Answer 27

Monomer of a protein

Question 28

Peptide bond

Answer 28

Covalent bond found between two amino acids

Question 29

Primary structure

Answer 29

A series of amino acids linked together

Question 30

Secondary structure

Answer 30

Repetitive coiling/folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding

Question 31

Tertiary structure

Answer 31

Interactions between side chains creating 3D shapes

Question 32

Hydrophobic interaction

Answer 32

A weak chemical reaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water

Question 33

Quaternary structure

Answer 33

The aggregation of multiple polypeptide chaines into one large protein

Question 34

Chaperonins

Answer 34

Assist in the folding of proteins

Question 35

Nucleic acid

Answer 35

A polymer made of many nucleotides

Question 36

RNA

Answer 36

Nucleic acid (ribose nucleic acid)

Question 37

Nucleotides

Answer 37

Five carbon sugars covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group

Question 38

DNA

Answer 38

Nucleic acid (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

Question 39

Double helix

Answer 39

Two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape