Chapter 5

Question 1

Biomechanics

Answer 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

Question 2

Superior

Answer 2

Positioned above a point of reference

Question 3

Inferior

Answer 3

Positioned below a point of reference

Question 4

Proximal

Answer 4

Positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference

Question 5

Distal

Answer 5

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference.

Question 6

Anterior

Answer 6

On the front of the body

Question 7

Posterior

Answer 7

On the back of the body.

Question 8

Medial

Answer 8

Positioned near the middle of the body.

Question 9

Lateral

Answer 9

Positioned toward the outside of the body.

Question 10

Contralateral

Answer 10

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Question 11

Ipsilateral

Answer 11

Positioned on the same side of the body.

Question 12

Anatomic position

Answer 12

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the base for all anatomic terminology.

Question 13

Sagittalplane

Answer 13

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

Question 14

Flexion

Answer 14

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Question 15

Extension

Answer 15

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Question 16

Hyper extension

Answer 16

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Question 17

Frontal plane

Answer 17

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

Question 18

Abduction

Answer 18

A movement in thefrontal plane away from the midline of the body

Question 19

Adduction

Answer 19

A movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.

Question 20

Transverse plane

Answer 20

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Question 21

Internalrotation

Answer 21

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Question 22

External rotation

Answer 22

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

Question 23

Horizontal abduction

Answer 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Question 24

Horizontal adduction

Answer 24

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior one.

Question 25

Scapular retraction

Answer 25

Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline

Question 26

Scapular protraction

Answer 26

Abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

Question 27

Scapular depression

Answer 27

Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae.

Question 28

Scapular elevation

Answer 28

Upward (superior) movement of the scapulae.

Question 29

Eccentric muscle action

Answer 29

When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force.

Question 30

Concentric muscle action

Answer 30

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.

Question 31

Isometric muscle action

Answer 31

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length

Question 32

Isokinetic muscle action

Answer 32

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

Question 33

Force

Answer 33

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

Question 34

Length-tension relationship

Answer 34

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Question 35

Force-couple

Answer 35

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.

Question 36

Rotary motion

Answer 36

Movement of the bones around the joints

Question 37

Torque

Answer 37

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter, or Nm.

Question 38

Motor behavior

Answer 38

Motor response to internal and external stimuli.

Question 39

Motor control

Answer 39

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Question 40

Motor learning

Answer 40

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

Question 41

Motor development

Answer 41

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Question 42

Muscle synergies

Answer 42

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.

Question 43

Proprioception

Answer 43

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement

Question 44

Sensorimotor integration

Answer 44

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Question 45

Feedback

Answer 45

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in motor learning

Question 46

Internal feedback

Answer 46

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Question 47

External feedback

Answer 47

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment.