Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Humans and mice differ because
A) their cells have different small organic molecules.
B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.
C) their cells make different types of lipids.
D) their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids.
E) their cells make different types of proteins.
A
D) their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids.
2
Q
Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions? A) hydroxyl groups B) carbonyl groups C) carboxyl groups D) either carbonyl or carboxyl groups E) either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups
A
E) either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups
3
Q
Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? A) fatty acids B) disaccharides C) DNA D) protein E) amylose
A
A) fatty acids
4
Q
In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules. The net result is that
A) water is generated by animal metabolism.
B) water is consumed by animal metabolism.
C) the water consumed is exactly balanced by the water generated, to maintain homeostasis.
D) water is consumed during homeostasis, but water is generated during periods of growth.
E) water is generated during homeostasis, but water is consumed during periods of growth.
A
B) water is consumed by animal metabolism.
5
Q
Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers?
A) lipids
B) carbohydrates
C) proteins
D) nucleic acids
E) lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids all consist of only macromolecular polymers
A
B) carbohydrates
6
Q
Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA
A
A) glucose
7
Q
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
A) phosphodiester linkages
B) hydrolysis
C) dehydration reactions
D) ionic bonding of monomers
E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
A
C) dehydration reactions
8
Q
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long? A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 9 E) 8
A
C) 10
9
Q
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable.
C) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.
D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers.
E) Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers.
A
A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
10
Q
Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) starch B) glycogen C) cellulose D) chitin E) amylopectin
A
D) chitin
11
Q
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula
for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
A) C18H36O18
B) C18H32O16
C) C6H10O5
D) C18H10O15
E) C3H6O3
A
B) C18H32O16
12
Q
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) chitin D) glycogen and chitin only E) glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
A
A) glycogen
13
Q
On food packages, to what does the term insoluble fiber refer? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin E) chitin
A
A) cellulose
14
Q
A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) monosaccharide D) carbohydrate and lipid only. E) carbohydrate and monosaccharide only.
A
E) carbohydrate and monosaccharide only.
15
Q
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? A) as a pentose B) as a hexose C) as a monosaccharide D) as a disaccharide E) as a polysaccharide
A
D) as a disaccharide
16
Q
All of the following are polysaccharides except A) lactose. B) glycogen. C) chitin. D) cellulose. E) amylopectin.
A
A) lactose.
17
Q
Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?
A) They are both polymers of glucose.
B) They are cis-trans isomers of each other.
C) They can both be digested by humans.
D) They are both used for energy storage in plants.
E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
A
A) They are both polymers of glucose.
18
Q
Which of the following is true of cellulose?
A) It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose.
B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells.
C) It is digestible by bacteria in the human gut.
D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.
E) It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose, it is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells, it is digestible by bacteria in the human gut, and it is a major structural component of plant cell walls.
A
D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.
19
Q
Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because
A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose.
B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the β glycosidic linkages of starch but not the α glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract.
E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is glucose with a nitrogen-containing group.
A
C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
20
Q
Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true?
A) They are more common in animals than in plants.
B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
C) They generally solidify at room temperature.
D) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms.
E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis.
A
B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
21
Q
A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) fatty acid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) hydrocarbon.
A
B) fatty acid.
22
Q
Which of the following statements is true for the class of biological molecules known as lipids?
A) They are insoluble in water.
B) They are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate.
C) They contain less energy than proteins and carbohydrates.
D) They are made by dehydration reactions.
E) They contain nitrogen.
A
A) They are insoluble in water.
23
Q
The label on a container of margarine lists ʺhydrogenated vegetable oilʺ as the major ingredient. What is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil?
A) The hydrogenated vegetable oil has a lower melting point.
B) The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature.
C) The hydrogenated vegetable oil has more ʺkinksʺ in the fatty acid chains.
D) The hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids.
E) The hydrogenated vegetable oil is less likely to clog arteries.
A
B) The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature.
24
Q
Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids?
A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.
B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.
D) They are usually liquid at room temperature.
E) They are usually produced by plants.
A
C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.
25
```
Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement?
A) a steroid
B) cellulose
C) DNA
D) an enzyme
E) a contractile protein
```
A) a steroid
26
Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures?
A) creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids
B) adding hydrogens to the fatty acids
C) creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids
D) adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids
E) adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acids
D) adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids
27
Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
A) They are essential components of cell membranes.
B) They are not soluble in water.
C) They are made of fatty acids.
D) They are hydrophilic compounds.
E) They contribute to atherosclerosis.
B) They are not soluble in water.
28
```
All of the following contain amino acids except
A) hemoglobin.
B) cholesterol.
C) antibodies.
D) enzymes.
E) insulin.
```
B) cholesterol.
29
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires
A) the release of a water molecule.
B) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule.
C) the addition of a nitrogen atom.
D) the addition of a water molecule.
E) the release of a nitrous oxide molecule.
A) the release of a water molecule.
30
30) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?
A) different side chains (R groups) attached to a carboxyl carbon
B) different side chains (R groups) attached to the amino groups
C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon
D) different structural and optical isomers
E) different asymmetric carbons
C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon
31
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following?
A) removal of a water molecule
B) addition of a water molecule
C) formation of a glycosidic bond
D) formation of a hydrogen bond
E) both removal of a water molecule and formation of a hydrogen bond
A) removal of a water molecule
32
Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they
A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis.
B) are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.
C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers.
D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions.
E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks.
B) are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.
33
Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds?
A) triacylglycerides
B) polysaccharides
C) proteins
D) triacylglycerides and proteins only
E) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins
E) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins
34
```
Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?
A) 101
B) 100
C) 99
D) 98
E) 97
```
C) 99
35
What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bonds?
A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure
E) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure
E) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure
36
```
How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids?
A) 4^12
B) 12^20
C) 240
D) 20
E) 20^12
```
E) 20^12
37
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
A) peptide bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) disulfide bonds
D) phosphodiester bonds
E) peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds
A) peptide bonds
38
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
A) peptide bonds
B) hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond
C) disulfide bonds
D) hydrophobic interactions
E) hydrogen bonds between the R groups
B) hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond
39
```
Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?
A) hydrophobic interactions
B) disulfide bonds
C) ionic bonds
D) hydrogen bonds
E) peptide bonds
```
D) hydrogen bonds
40
Which level of protein structure do the α helix and the β pleated sheet represent?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
B) secondary
41
```
The amino acids of the protein keratin are arranged predominantly in an α helix. This secondary structure is stabilized by
A) covalent bonds.
B) peptide bonds.
C) ionic bonds.
D) polar bonds.
E) hydrogen bonds.
```
E) hydrogen bonds.
42
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.
B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain.
C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet.
E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
43
```
What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups) functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape?
A) ionic bond
B) hydrophobic interaction
C) van der Waals interaction
D) disulfide bond
E) hydrogen bond
```
D) disulfide bond
44
```
At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) all of the above
```
C) tertiary
45
The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is –CH2–OH. The R group or side
chain of the amino acid leucine is –CH2–CH–(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find
these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?
A) Serine would be in the interior, and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
B) Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the
globular protein.
C) Both serine and leucine would be in the interior of the globular protein.
D) Both serine and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
E) Both serine and leucine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.
B) Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the
globular protein.
46
Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides?
A) Alzheimerʹs only
B) Parkinsonʹs only
C) diabetes mellitus only
D) Alzheimerʹs and Parkinsonʹs only
E) Alzheimerʹs, Parkinsonʹs, and diabetes mellitus
D) Alzheimerʹs and Parkinsonʹs only
47
Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would
A) alter the primary structure of the protein, but not its tertiary structure or function.
B) cause the tertiary structure of the protein to unfold.
C) always alter the biological activity or function of the protein.
D) always alter the primary structure of the protein and disrupt its biological activity.
E) always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and affect its biological activity.
E) always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and affect its biological activity.
48
Normal hemoglobin is a tetramer, consisting of two molecules of β hemoglobin and two molecules of α hemoglobin. In sickle-cell disease, as a result of a single amino acid change, the mutant hemoglobin tetramers associate with each other and assemble into large fibers. Based on this information alone, we can conclude that sickle-cell hemoglobin exhibits
A) altered primary structure.
B) altered secondary structure.
C) altered tertiary structure.
D) altered quaternary structure.
E) altered primary structure and altered quaternary structure; the secondary and tertiary structures may or may not be altered.
E) altered primary structure and altered quaternary structure; the secondary and tertiary structures may or may not be altered.
49
What methods may be used to elucidate the structures of purified proteins?
A) X-ray crystallography
B) bioinformatics
C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
D) NMR spectroscopy
E) both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy
E) both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy
50
In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a hydrophobic amino acid like valine?
A) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water
B) on the exterior surface of the protein, interacting with water
C) in the transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains
D) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains
E) anywhere in the protein, with equal probability
D) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains
51
Which of the following techniques uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a proteinʹs three-dimensional structure?
A) X-ray crystallography
B) bioinformatics
C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
D) NMR spectroscopy
E) high-speed centrifugation
B) bioinformatics
52
```
If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 35S, which of these molecules will be labeled?
A) phospholipids
B) nucleic acids
C) proteins
D) amylose
E) both proteins and nucleic acids
```
C) proteins
53
```
What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?
A) tertiary protein
B) chaperonin
C) enzyme protein
D) renaturing protein
E) denaturing protein
```
B) chaperonin
54
DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase?
A) The two strands of the double helix would separate.
B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
55
Which of the following statements about the 5ʹ end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct?
A) The 5ʹ end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
C) The 5ʹ end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base.
D) The 5ʹ end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
E) The 5ʹ end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.
B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
56
One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to
A) transmit genetic information to offspring.
B) function in the synthesis of proteins.
C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity.
D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA.
E) form the genes of higher organisms.
B) function in the synthesis of proteins.
57
```
If 14C-labeled uridine triphosphate is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?
A) phospholipids
B) DNA
C) RNA
D) both DNA and RNA
E) proteins
```
C) RNA
58
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil
E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine
C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
59
```
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?
A) guanine and adenine
B) cytosine and uracil
C) thymine and guanine
D) ribose and deoxyribose
E) adenine and thymine
```
B) cytosine and uracil
60
```
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type?
A) cytosine and guanine
B) guanine and adenine
C) adenine and thymine
D) thymine and uracil
E) uracil and cytosine
```
B) guanine and adenine
61
If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 80
E) impossible to tell from the information given
C) 40
62
A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of
A) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules.
B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules.
C) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules.
D) 120 adenine and 120 cytosine molecules.
E) 120 guanine and 120 thymine molecules.
B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules.
63
The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA
A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar.
B) can form a double-stranded molecule.
C) is an aldehyde sugar and the sugar in RNA is a keto sugar.
D) is in the α configuration and the sugar in RNA is in the β configuration.
E) contains one less oxygen atom.
E) contains one less oxygen atom.
64
Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between DNA and RNA?
A) DNA encodes hereditary information, whereas RNA does not.
B) The bases in DNA form base-paired duplexes, whereas the bases in RNA do not.
C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.
D) DNA contains the base uracil, whereas RNA contains the base thymine.
E) DNA encodes hereditary information, whereas RNA does not; the bases in DNA form base-paired duplexes, whereas the bases in RNA do not; and DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.
C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.
65
```
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ʹATTGCA3ʹ, the other complementary strand would have the sequence
A) 5ʹTAACGT3ʹ.
B) 5ʹTGCAAT3ʹ.
C) 5ʹUAACGU3ʹ.
D) 3ʹUAACGU5ʹ.
E) 5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ.
```
B) 5ʹTGCAAT3ʹ.
66
What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate?
A) sugar-phosphate backbone
B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases
C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes
D) twisting of the molecule to form an α helix
E) three-component structure of the nucleotides
B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases
67
A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism
A) is more closely related to humans than to frogs.
B) is more closely related to frogs than to humans.
C) evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals.
D) is more closely related to humans than to rats.
E) is more closely related to frogs than to humans and also evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals.
B) is more closely related to frogs than to humans.
68
Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis?
A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of
water
B) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water
C) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water
D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water
E) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water
D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water
69
```
If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 32P-labeled phosphate, which of these molecules will be labeled?
A) phospholipids
B) nucleic acids
C) proteins
D) amylose
E) both phospholipids and nucleic acids
```
E) both phospholipids and nucleic acids
70
```
If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 15N, which of these molecules will be labeled?
A) fatty acids only
B) nucleic acids only
C) proteins only
D) amylase only
E) both proteins and nucleic acids
```
E) both proteins and nucleic acids
71
How will brief heating (to 95°C) affect macromolecular structures in aqueous solution?
A) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate.
B) Proteins will unfold (denature).
C) Starch will hydrolyze into monomeric sugars.
D) Proteins will hydrolyze into amino acids.
E) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate, and proteins will unfold (denature).
E) DNA duplexes will unwind and separate, and proteins will unfold (denature).
72
```
Which of the following is not a monomer/polymer pairing?
A) monosaccharide/polysaccharide
B) amino acid/protein
C) triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer
D) deoxyribonucleotide/DNA
E) ribonucleotide/RNA
```
C) triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer
73
```
(5-73) If two molecules of the general type shown in Figure 5.1 were linked together, carbon-1 of one molecule to carbon-4 of the other, the single molecule that would result would be
A) maltose.
B) fructose.
C) glucose.
D) galactose.
E) sucrose.
```
A) maltose.
74
```
(5-73) Which of the following descriptors is true of the molecule shown in Figure 5.1?
A) hexose
B) fructose
C) glucose
D) hexose and fructose only
E) hexose and glucose only
```
E) hexose and glucose only
75
(5-75) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.2?
A) It is a saturated fatty acid.
B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.
C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
D) It is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to
atherosclerosis.
E) It is a saturated fatty acid, a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to
atherosclerosis, and molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
D) It is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to
atherosclerosis.
76
(5-76) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.3?
A) It is a saturated fatty acid.
B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.
C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
D) It is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to
atherosclerosis.
E) It is a saturated fatty acid, a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to
atherosclerosis, and molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
77
```
(5-76) The molecule shown in Figure 5.3 is a
A) polysaccharide.
B) polypeptide.
C) saturated fatty acid.
D) triacylglycerol.
E) unsaturated fatty acid.
```
E) unsaturated fatty acid.
78
```
(5-78) What is the structure shown in Figure 5.4?
A) pentose molecule
B) fatty acid molecule
C) steroid molecule
D) oligosaccharide molecule
E) phospholipid molecule
```
C) steroid molecule
79
(5-79) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5?
A) It is a hydrolysis reaction.
B) It results in a peptide bond.
C) It joins two fatty acids together.
D) It is a hydrolysis reaction and it results in a peptide bond.
E) It is a hydrolysis reaction, it results in a peptide bond, and it joins two fatty acids together.
B) It results in a peptide bond.
80
```
(5-80) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
```
C) C
81
```
(5-80) Which bond is a peptide bond? A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
```
C) C
82
```
(5-80) Which bond is closest to the amino terminus of the molecule?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
```
A) A
83
(5-83) The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the
A) 1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch.
B) 1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose.
C) double-helical structure of a DNA molecule.
D) α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide.
E) β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide.
D) α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide.
84
```
(5-84) Which molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and would be found in plasma membranes?
A) 1
B) 5
C) 6
D) 12
E) 14
```
B) 5
85
```
(5-84) Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide?
A) 1, 2, and 11
B) 3, 7, and 8
C) 5, 9, and 10
D) 11, 12, and 13
E) 12, 14, and 15
```
D) 11, 12, and 13
86
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules contain(s) an aldehyde type of carbonyl functional group?
A) 1
B) 4
C) 8
D) 10
E) 1 and 4
```
E) 1 and 4
87
```
(5-84) Which molecule is glycerol?
A) 1
B) 6
C) 10
D) 14
E) 15
```
C) 10
88
```
(5-84) Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid?
A) 1
B) 5
C) 6
D) 8
E) 9
```
E) 9
89
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules is a purine type of nitrogenous base? A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 12
E) 13
```
E) 13
90
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
A) 1, 4, and 6
B) 2, 7, and 8
C) 7, 8, and 13
D) 11, 12, and 13
E) 12, 13, and 15
```
B) 2, 7, and 8
91
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules is an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group or side chain?
A) 3
B) 7
C) 8
D) 12
E) 13
```
B) 7
92
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond as a result of a dehydration reaction?
A) 2 and 3
B) 3 and 7
C) 7 and 8
D) 8 and 9
E) 12 and 13
```
C) 7 and 8
93
(5-84) A fat (or triacylglycerol) would be formed as a result of a dehydration reaction between
A) one molecule of 9 and three molecules of 10.
B) three molecules of 9 and one molecule of 10.
C) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 9.
D) three molecules of 5 and one molecule of 9.
E) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 10.
B) three molecules of 9 and one molecule of 10.
94
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond?
A) 3 and 4
B) 3 and 8
C) 6 and 15
D) 11 and 12
E) 11 and 13
```
D) 11 and 12
95
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules is the pentose sugar found in RNA?
A) 1
B) 4
C) 6
D) 12
E) 13
```
D) 12
96
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules contains a glycosidic linkage type of covalent bond?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 12
D) 13
E) 15
```
E) 15
97
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules has a functional group that frequently forms covalent bonds that maintain the tertiary structure of a protein?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9
```
A) 2
98
```
(5-84) Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic ʺheadʺ region and a hydrophobic ʺtailʺ region?
A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11
```
B) 5
99
(5-84) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Molecules 1 and 4 could be joined together by a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide.
B) Molecules 9 and 10 could be joined together by ester bonds to form a
triacylglycerol.
C) Molecules 2 and 7 could be joined together to form a short peptide.
D) Molecules 2, 7, and 8 could be joined together to form a short peptide.
E) Molecules 14 and 15 could be joined together to form a polypeptide.
E) Molecules 14 and 15 could be joined together to form a polypeptide.
100
Approximately 32 different monomeric carbohydrate subunits are found in various natural polysaccharides. Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids. DNA and RNA are each synthesized from four nucleotides.
Among these biological polymers, which has the least structural variety? A) polysaccharides
B) proteins
C) DNA
D) RNA
C) DNA
101
Approximately 32 different monomeric carbohydrate subunits are found in various natural polysaccharides. Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids. DNA and RNA are each synthesized from four nucleotides.
```
Which class of biological polymer has the greatest functional variety?
A) polysaccharides
B) proteins
C) DNA
D) RNA
```
B) proteins
102
```
rofessor Jamey Marth at the University of California, Santa Barbara, identified 70 molecules that are used to build cellular macromolecules and structures. These include at least 34 saccharides, 8 nucleosides, and 20 amino acids. In theory, then, which class of biological polymer has the greatest information-coding capacity?
A) polysaccharides
B) proteins
C) DNA
D) RNA
```
A) polysaccharides
103
```
Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?
A) monosaccharide
B) disaccharide
C) starch
D) carbohydrate
E) polysaccharide
```
D) carbohydrate
104
```
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
B) glycogen and cellulose
C) cellulose and chitin
D) starch and chitin
E) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose
```
A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
105
Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true?
A) They are more common in animals than in plants.
B) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
C) They generally solidify at room temperature.
D) They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms.
E) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.
B) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
106
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the
A) primary level.
B) secondary level.
C) tertiary level.
D) quaternary level.
E) All structural levels are equally affected.
A) primary level.
107
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
A) The two strands of the double helix would separate.
B) The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.
C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
B) The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken
108
```
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
A) C60H120O60
B) C6H12O6
C) C60H102O51
D) C60H100O50
E) C60H111O51
```
C) C60H102O51
109
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
A) 5ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3ʹ with 3ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5ʹ
B) 5ʹ-AGCT-3ʹ with 5ʹ-TCGA-3ʹ
C) 5ʹ-GCGC-3ʹ with 5ʹ-TATA-3ʹ
D) 5ʹ-ATGC-3ʹ with 5ʹ-GCAT-3ʹ
E) All of these pairs are correct.
D) 5ʹ-ATGC-3ʹ with 5ʹ-GCAT-3ʹ
