Exam # 1 - Lecture Notes 1-6 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the eight characteristics of life?
A
1) Regulated
2) Responsive
3) Reproduces
4) Uses energy
5) Grows
6) Carries instructions
7) Complex/ordered
8) Well-adapted
2
Q
Does a bacteria cell qualify as life?
A
Yes, absolutely
3
Q
Is a virus alive?
A
No. The virus is not alive because it depends so fundamentally on the cell in order to accomplish the qualities of life
4
Q
Nothing less than a ____ is alive.
A
cell
5
Q
What did Stanley Miller get when he did his experiment?
A
Amino acids
6
Q
How many elements occur naturally?
A
92
7
Q
How many elements are essential to life?
A
25
8
Q
Which four elements make up 96% of living matter?
A
CHON
9
Q
Which elements make up the remaining 4%?
A
Na, P, S, Ca, K, Mg, Cl
10
Q
The remaining fourteen elements are each present less than ___%. These elements are called _____ elements.
A
.01%. Trace
11
Q
If the human body lacks iodine you get ______.
A
goiter
12
Q
Atoms combine into ________.
A
molecules
13
Q
______ are used for individual atoms and molecules…really tiny matter that you can’t even see.
A
Dalton’s
14
Q
The electron is important for two reasons, what are those two reasons?
A
1) Chemical bonding
2) Storing energy - POTENTIAL ENERGY
15
Q
______ are atoms that vary in their number of neutrons.
A
Isotopes
16
Q
If you are studying the chemistry of the cell, this is referred to as…
A
metabolism
17
Q
In biology, it’s not electrons flowing through a copper wire…it’s electrons in…
A
biological molecules
18
Q
Why are different elements required for life? Does it matter where an element is on the periodic table? Does it tell us anything about its properties?
A
Yeah, HOW IT REACTS
19
Q
The various atoms want to fill…
A
their outer shells
20
Q
Behavior depends on the ______ electrons.
A
valence
21
Q
What are electrons called in the outer shell?
A
Valence electrons
22
Q
Which theory more accurately describes an electrons position in space?
A
Orbital theory
23
Q
How many orbitals are contained in the first shell?
A
One orbital
24
Q
What’s the orbital called in the first shell and what’s its shape?
A
s orbital, spherical
25
How many orbitals are found in the second shell?
FOUR orbitals
26
How many electrons does one orbital hold?
TWO electrons
27
The first shell can hold a maximum of ___ electrons. The second shell can hold ____ orbitals, and each one can hold a maximum of _____ electrons.
two, four, two
28
The _____ rule means you want to have _____ electrons.
octet rule, eight electrons
29
If you're hydrogen, you want to have ____ electrons to complete your shell, since only one electron fills its first shell.
two
30
When a hydrogen bonds with another hydrogen, it forms a covalent bond. H-H. That new hydrogen is no longer an atom, but a ________.
molecule.
31
How many covalent bonds will oxygen form?
TWO COVALENT BONDS because it already has six electrons in its second shell.
32
Define a molecule...
Atoms held together by covalent bonds.
33
How many covalent bonds does phosphorus form?
FIVE covalent bonds. Three single covalent and two double covalent
34
Phosphorus in biology is typically bonded to _______.
oxygen
35
Is water charged?
NO, WATER IS NOT CHARGED
36
There are _____ charges within water due to unequal sharing of electrons.
partial
37
Is having partial charges within a molecule the same thing as being charged?
No.
38
Where do you expect partial charges to be in the biological molecule?
CHON
39
In CHON, which are more electronegative and which are less electronegative?
More electronegative = O and N
| Less electronegative = C and H
40
What happens when you get either O and N with either C or H?
You get partial charge
41
We are ______ based.
carbon
42
If your biological molecule has either _____ or _____ in it...you'll have partial charge.
Oxygen or nitrogen
43
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond where the sharing of electrons are unequal
44
Oxygen contains two polar/non-polar covalent bonds?
two non-polar covalent bonds because they have equal electronegativity, and also because their electrons share equally
45
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
A bond where the electrons equally share
46
Hydrogen contains a polar/non-polar covalent bond?
non-polar covalent bond
47
Is methane polar or non-polar?
non-polar because no partial charge and the electrons share equally
48
Name the four weak interactions
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions and hydrophobic interactions
49
Ionic bond, weak or strong in biology?
WEAK
50
Compounds held together ionically are called _____.
salts
51
Can a molecule be an ion?
Yes
52
Ammonium chloride...what is that?
The chloride is an anion and the ammonium is actually the cation...it has a positive charge...so they stick together...salt
53
Inorganic phosphate....molecule?
Yes, it's a molecule...BUT IT'S ALSO AN ION BECAUSE WE GAINED AN ELECTRON!
54
Bio molecules usually bear partial and full charges which dictates their _______ and _______.
structures and functions
55
What's the charge of DNA?
Negative charge because of the ACID
56
The strength of an ionic bond depends on the _______.
environment
57
In water, ionic bonds have _/__ the strength of covalent bonds.
1/10th
58
The cell itself is __% water.
70%
59
What is required in a hydrogen bond?
1) hydrogen - must have a partial charge
| 2) the hydrogen needs to be bonded to oxygen or nitrogen
60
Are hydrogens in water suited for hydrogen bonding?
Absolutely
61
Van der Waals interactions can occur between...
two non-polar chemical groups
62
Van der Waals interactions can occur between two non-polar chemical groups which means...
no partial charge
63
What are transient partial charges?
Temporary, brief, not permanent
64
Hydrophobic interactions can also occur between...
two non-polar chemical groups
65
What chemical groups don't like water?
non-polar chemical groups don't like water
66
Why don't non-polar chemical groups like water?
They're not charged...they don't have partial charge.
67
What are the two ways in which weak interactions are important?
Weak interactions work both intermolecularly and intramolecularly...
They work intErmolecularly to hold two molecules togEther.
They work intrAmolecularly to establish the molecule's 3D shApe.
68
What four reasons determine shape?
1) which atoms are bonded to each other
2) the orbitals
3) Intramolecular weak interactions
4) Environmental conditions - oil sticks together in water
69
When covalent bonds form, valance shell orbitals _______ and _______.
combine and rearrange
70
Which atoms among CHON does this type of hybridization pertain to?
Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen
71
Sp3 hybridizations happens when these three atoms form...
SINGLE COVALENT BONDS
72
When a carbon forms with hydrogen to form methane, you get...
SP3 HYBRIDIZATION. SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.
73
What is it that makes the chain fold?
Weak interactions
74
__________ weak interactions help determine shape.
intramolecular
75
At chemical equilibrium, what is equal?
The rates forwards and the rates backwards
76
Does equilibrium happen in the cells?
NO. Equilibrium is a principle that is applicable to the test tube where we can isolate a reaction.
Reactions in the cell run in metabolic pathways, THERE IS NO EQUILIBRIUM IN THE CELL.
77
When did the Earth form?
4.54 billion years ago
78
When did life appear?
3-4 billion years ago
79
How long did life remain in water?
About 3 billion years
80
How many years ago did life move to land?
About 500 million years ago
81
How many hydrogen bonds can a single water form?
FOUR
82
Water sticks to itself...this is called _______.
cohesion
83
Water sticks to other substances that have partial or full charge...this is called ________.
adhesion
84
Water also has high ______ _____.
high specific heat
85
Why does it take a lot of energy to increase temperature in water?
First you have to break the hydrogen bonds. So energy goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds, and then the water molecules start moving more quickly. It takes more heat.
86
What is a macromolecule?
A molecule that is over a 1000 daltons
87
Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic...
```
Hydrophilic = water loving. Something that is hydrophilic does not mean a substance is also soluble.
Hydrophobic = water fearing. Avoid water.
```
88
A mole weighs the number of _____ of an atom or molecule that is numerically equivalent as the number of ______ in its atomic weight.
grams, daltons
89
1 atom of carbon would weigh...
12 daltons
90
A mole of carbon would weigh...
12 grams
91
What does a mole of sucrose weigh? (C12H22O11)
12x12 + 22x1 + 11x16 = 342 daltons.
92
How many molecules does a mole of sucrose (342 daltons) weigh?
342 x 6.02x10^23
93
Ethanol weighs 46g...how many molecules does it contain?
6.02x10^23 molecules
94
How many daltons are equal to one gram?
6.02x10^23
95
How many atoms are in a mole of sucrose (C12H22O11)?
12 + 22 + 11 = 45 atoms.
| 45 x 6.02x10^23
96
A substance is a base if it ______ the proton concentration.
An acid is a substance that will ______ the proton concentration by dissociating.
reduces, increase
97
Cellular pH is maintained by _______.
buffers
98
What did vitalism say?
Biological molecules are the result of a life force
99
Wöhler did an experiment that contradicted vitalism. He took the compound _________ _______ and he converted it into ____.
ammonium cyanate, urea
100
What is the structure of ethane?
Two tetrahedral pointing directly at each other
101
What do double bonds do to the shape of the molecule?
They create a planer. Flat.
102
What are compounds made up or carbon an hydrogen called?
Hydrocarbons
103
Hydrocarbons are....
ENERGY-RICH
104
Why are hydrocarbon's energy rich?
NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS. Non-polar covalent bonds make for very energetic molecules.
105
When a hydroxyl is present in a chemical group, what does it make that chemical group?
An alcohol
106
If you have a hydroxyl, you are technically an ______.
alcohol
107
What's important about carboxyl groups?
They have a tendency to ionize...
108
What will the charge of a single carboxyl group contribute to a molecule?
1- (negative). Also think, carboxylic acid (1-)
109
Why is pH important?
It dictates the behavior of ions
110
At cellular pH, if you have a carboxyl group, then you'll lose your...
proton and then you will have a unit of negative charge. Now you can stick to something positive.
111
What is the most important biomolecule?
Protein
112
What is the building block of a polymer called?
Monomer
113
The molecular chain is called a _______.
Polymer
114
Adding one monomer to another monomer, one at a time, is the way that we build all basic polymers. This is called a _______ reaction because we...
dehydration reaction because we removed water.
115
Dehydration reactions require/releases energy?
Require energy, just like it requires energy to build a house of cards
116
To build a polymer of four monomers, you need...
three dehydration reactions
117
We can disassemble polymers...we call this _______.
digestion
118
Now...adding a water molecule we are breaking with water...what is this called?
hydrolysis
119
A hydrolysis reaction requires/releases energy?
Releases energy. Just as energy is released, the house of cards tumbles down
120
Building ______ energy, breaking ______ energy.
requires, releases
121
Which reaction consumes water? USES water?
Hydrolysis
122
Which reaction produces water?
Dehydration
123
Where else does hydrolysis happen?
Digestion, outside the cells
124
Carbohydrates are effectively _______.
sugars
125
The sugar is the _______.
monomer
126
If you put two monosaccharides together, you get what?
A disaccharide
127
If you put anywhere from 3-50 monosaccharides together...you get an ___________.
oligosaccharide
128
More than 50 monosaccharides you are a ___________.
polysaccharide
129
What's the name of the covalent bond holding all the monosaccharides together?
glycosidic linkages
130
The ___________ gives you energy. Sugar!
monosaccharide
131
If you already have energy, you could instead use the monomer for construction, to build a _______.
polymer
132
If you got energy, you don't have to make ATP immediately, you can _____ ______.
store energy
133
How do you store energy?
By building a polymer
134
The _______ is the form for storing sugar.
polymer
135
Cellulose is a structural __________.
polysaccharide
136
A true monosaccharide is some multiple of _____.
CH2O
137
Is sucrose a monosaccharide?
No. C12H22O11 is not a multiple of CH2O
138
When different chemicals share the same molecular formula, meaning they have the same number of atoms, the name is an ______.
isomer
139
_____ are chemicals with the same atoms arranged differently.
Isomers
140
Which of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are macromolecules?
Everything but lipids
141
Which of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids form polymers?
Everything but lipids
142
Which atoms in monosaccharides are found in CHON?
CHO
143
Name two functional groups found in monosaccharides...
carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups
144
In an aqueous environment, monosaccharides form ____.
rings
145
Because (these) carbon atoms are joined by ______ _____ _____, you can rotate them.
single covalent bonds
146
When carbon forms single covalent bonds...it undergoes...
SP3 HYBRIDIZATION
147
What's the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Alpha glucose is where the hydroxyl group is trapped below the ring, by looking at the position of carbon number one.
Beta glucose is where the hydroxyl group is trapped above the ring, by looking at the position of carbon number one.
Alpha glucose (Armadillos on the ground), Beta glucose (Birds in the sky)
148
How come when two glucoses (C6H12O6) form maltose the molecular formula isn't C12H22O12?
Dehydration removes a water. There are two products of this reaction, maltose (C12H22O11) and water (H20)
149
Sucrose =
glucose + fructose
150
Maltose =
glucose + glucose
151
Lactose =
glucose + galactose
152
What are the three disaccharides found in your diet?
Sucrose, maltose and lactose
153
What are the three monosaccharides found in your diet?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
154
Sucrose, maltose and lactose are all _______.
isomers. They all have the molecular formula C12H22O11.
155
What are the two functions of polysaccharides?
1) Storage
| 2) Structure
156
______ and _______ STORE sugar.
| ________, _____ and _________ FORM STRUCTURE.
Starch and glycogen store sugar
| Cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan form structure
157
Polysaccharide starch has a ______ polymer.
glucose
158
What do plants do with their excess glucose?
They've got enough glucose, so they have to store it somewhere...what do they do? They put it into chains. THEY BUILD STARCH.
159
Where is starch stored in plants?
In the chloroplast
160
What is the structure of the starch polysaccharide?
A helix
161
Why does starch branch?
If you have a branching structure...there's more ends to the enzyme can find the end more often to build/break.
162
Can humans break down starch?
Yes
163
What is the enzyme that breaks down starch?
Amylase
164
Enzymes typically end in the three letters -___.
-ase
165
Is there a difference between the structure of glycogen and starch?
No, ITS THE SAME THING.
166
Why are the structures of starch and glycogen the same?
Because they are both made from alpha glucose
167
Who uses glycogen to store sugar?
Animals
168
In mammals, glycogen is primarily stored in the _____ and the _______.
liver and the muscle
169
Cellulose is found in _____.
plants
170
What is the barrier that surrounds every single cell?
Cell membrane
171
Cellulose is a major component of the cell _____.
wall
172
What is wood and cotton made out of?
Cellulose
173
What is the most abundant organic compound?
Cellulose
174
Is cellulose alpha or beta glucose?
BETA GLUCOSE
175
Does cellulose branch?
NO.
176
The plant uses _____ glucose for making starch and storage.
| The plant uses _____ glucose for my body (structure).
alpha
| beta
177
Amylase is the enzyme that ______ starch.
hydrolyses
178
Does amylase hydrolyze cellulose?
No
179
Amylase digests ______, starch is made from _____ glucose...amylase cannot digest ______....cellulose is made from ____ glucose.
starch, alpha, cellulose, beta
180
Is chitin made of glucose?
NO. It's a DERIVATIVE of glucose. It's made from N-acetylglucosamine, "NAG"
181
Of _____...the structural material is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
chitin
182
The cell wall of fungi is made of _____.
chitin
183
The structural polysaccharide peptidoglycan is going to make up a ____ ____.
cell wall
184
Peptidoglycan makes up the cell wall of who?
Bacteria
185
What are the three organisms that have a cell wall?
Plants, fungi, bacteria
186
Do lipids form polymers?
NO
187
Lipids are a _____ chemical group
diverse
188
What's the only one quality all lipids share?
They're hydrophobic
189
We can build larger lipids through ________.
dehydration
190
Lipids store ______.
energy
191
Lipids also serve _______ roles.
structural
192
_____ _____ is the simplest of all lipids.
Fatty acid
193
What's the structure of lipids?
LONG chain of hydrocarbon
194
Why is the long chain of hydrocarbon zig-zagging?
SP3 HYBRIDIZATION. SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.
195
What is attached at the two ends of the fatty acid?
A carboxyl group and a methyl group
196
What do we call fatty acids with no double bonds?
Saturated
197
What do we call fatty acids with double bonds?
Unsaturated
