Chapter 5 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following are true of synesthesia?
A
It involves mixing of the senses.
It is rare.
2
Q
How does sensation occur?
A
The sense organs translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses and then send them to the brain.
3
Q
What is the process organisms use to interpret and assign meaning to the world?
A
Perception
4
Q
Which sensory process is the sensory detection process used by our organs to respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that get sent to the brain?
A
Sensation
5
Q
The sensory process begins with information received from a
A
stimulus
6
Q
The conversion of energy from one form to another form is called
A
Transduction
7
Q
Dr. Lenz is a researcher in the field of
___________and is studying the relationship between physical stimulation and subjective perception.
A
psychophysics
8
Q
Which sensory process is the sensory detection process used to “make” sense of what we are experiencing?
A
Perception
9
Q
What are the two kinds of sensitivity that the field of psychophysics is concerned with?
A
The absolute limits of sensitivity
Differences between stimuli
10
Q
Sensation becomes perception from the reception and translation of physical impulses into a(n)
A
nerve impulse
11
Q
The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is called
A
absolute threshold
12
Q
The process where characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is called
A
transduction
13
Q
The scientific area of _________
studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities.
A
psychophysics
14
Q
A(n) ______ stimulus is one that is so weak or brief that it can be received by the senses but not consciously perceived.
A
Subliminal
15
Q
Signal
__________ theory is concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments.
A
detection
16
Q
If someone can detect the light from a candle 30 kms away at least half of the time, this is an example of
A
Absolute Threshold
17
Q
Consumer behaviour _____ be controlled by subliminal stimuli.
A
cannot
18
Q
The just noticeable difference value for weights is a Weber fraction of approximately
A
1/50
19
Q
The theory that is concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments is
A
signal detection theory
20
Q
Paul jumps into the river to go swimming. At first the water is so cold he starts shivering. Over time he yells to his friends to come on in the water feels great. This is an example of
A
sensory adaptation
21
Q
Which law states that the difference threshold or jnd, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made?
A
Weber’s law
22
Q
Images projected directly on the
________ appear for a time in their entirety and then vanish and reappear as parts of the original stimulus.
A
retina
23
Q
Weber’s fraction for detecting differences in the loudness of a sound is
A
1/20
24
Q
The name ROY G BIV lists the colours in the visible spectrum from the
A
highest in wavelength to the lowest
25
Pritchard's study on adaptation consisted of researching
stabilized images on the retina
26
The elastic structure in the eye that enables us to see distant or near objects is called the
Lens
27
What is the normal stimulus for vision?
Electromagnetic energy
28
Bright light causes the
| __________ to constrict.
pupil
29
The pupil's size is controlled by muscles in the
iris
30
How are light waves measured?
nanometers
31
If a person's lens is not thick enough and the image is focused on a point behind the retina, the person most likely suffers from
hyperopia
32
Low levels of illumination cause the _____ of the eye to dilate.
Pupil
33
Another name for farsightedness is
hyperopia
34
Light waves enter the eye through a transparent protective structure at the front of the eye called the
cornea
35
Which part of the eye has a focus similar to the camera?
Lens
36
Cones are located in the
Fovea
37
Myopia and hyperopia both affect the ability to
See clearly
38
Playing action video games has been found to
Improve eyesight
39
The part of the eye that contains rods and cones is the
retina
40
The colour receptors in the retina are referred to as
cones
41
The photoreceptors that are primarily black-and-white brightness receptors are the
rods
42
Rods and cones synapse with which of the following cells?
Bipolar cells
43
Visual
| ________ is greatest when the image projects directly on the fovea.
acuity
44
The optic nerve formed by the axons of the ganglion cells exits through the back of the eye not far from the fovea, producing a(n)
blind spot
45
Rods and cones in the retina translate
| _________ energy into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called photopigments.
electromagnetic
46
Photopigments are involved in
translating light waves by way of protein molecules
47
Bipolar cells synapse with which of the following cells?
Ganglion cells
48
Which cells contribute the most to blind spots?
Ganglion cells
49
Rods and cones in the retina translate light waves into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called
photopigments
50
The progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination is called
dark adaptation
51
During dark adaptation, the______
| take more time to adapt than the _____
rods, cones
52
According to the text, how many hue variations can the human eye see?
7.5 million
53
The ability to see fine detail is known as visual _____
acuity
54
Identify the colours that comprise the basis of the trichromatic theory of vision.
green, red, blue
55
When you have a(n)
| ___________colour mixture, all the colours combine to form black.
subtractive
56
_____ of the eye contributes the most to dark adaptation.
Photo pigment molecules
57
Which of the following posed a problem from the trichromatic theory of colour vision?
afterimages
58
Which theory suggests that colour vision results from activation of red/green, blue/yellow and black/white sensitive cells?
Hering's opponent-process theory
59
The main properties of a colour is called its
hue
60
According to the _____________, there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, those that are maximally responsive to green, to blue and to red wavelengths of light.
trichromatic theory
61
The dual-process theory combines elements from which two other theories?
Opponent-process theory
Trichromatic theory
62
When you have a(n)
| _________colour mixture, all the colours combine to form white.
additive
63
Jayne shines red, blue and green lights on the same spot. The result will be ____ light.
white
64
One problem with the
| ________ _______ theory is it doesn't include retinal cones in its explanation of colour vision.
opponent process
65
Lacey is completely colour-blind. She is considered to be a
monochromat
66
Most common sounds are in which type of frequencies?
lower
67
One hertz equals how many cycles per second?
one
68
True or false: Sound waves are a form of mechanical energy.
True
69
The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.
pitch
70
The vertical size of sound waves is referred to as
amplitude
71
The number of sound waves, or cycles, per second is called
frequency
72
How is amplitude measured?
In decibels
73
Which of the following is the definition of pitch?
The frequency of a sound.
74
The measure of physical pressures that occur on the eardrum are called
decibels
75
The designated absolute threshold for hearing is
0 decibels
76
Amplitude is measured in
decibels
77
True or false: The vibrating of the malleus, incus, and stapes amplifies sound more than 60 times.
False
78
The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.
pitch
79
What is a function of the middle ear?
It amplifies sound vibrations.
80
Which of the following is the definition of pitch?
The frequency of a sound.
81
A sound's ________
| is the primary determinant of perceived loudness.
amplitude
82
What are 3 structures of the middle ear?
Hammer
Stirrup
Anvil
83
The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____.
pitch
84
The cochlea, the basilar membrane, and the organ of corti are located in the
inner ear
85
The coiled, snail-shaped tube that contains the basilar membrane is called the _____.
cochela
86
Which membrane runs the length of the cochlea?
Basilar membrane
87
Which of the following are structures of the inner ear?
Oval window
Basilar membrane
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Basilar membrane
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
88
The auditory nerve sends impulses through the thalamus to the auditor
cortex
89
The part of the inner ear that rests on the basilar membrane is called the
Organ of Corti
90
The loudness we experience is the result of both the rate of firing in the axons of the auditory nerve and the specific hair cells that are
sending messages
91
The vibration of fluid inside the cochlea and the bending of hair cells in the organ of Corti demonstrates which of the following?
Sound passing through the middle and inner ear structures
92
The place theory of pitch perception suggests that the location of peak vibrations on the
__________determine what frequency is perceived.
cochlea
93
What causes the auditory nerve to fire at a higher rate when presented with louder sounds?
The presence of more neurotransmitters
94
According to the frequency theory of pitch perception, nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the ________ ________
sound wave
95
The understanding of the auditory cortex having a tonal-frequency map that corresponds to specific areas of the cochlea was theorized by
Georg von Bekesy
96
Hearing loss resulting from problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea is called
conduction deafness
97
Sean had his eardrum punctured which resulted in
conduction deafness
98
Hearing loss resulting from damaged receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve itself is called
nerve deafness.
99
Taste buds are chemical receptors concentrated along the ______ and ______ surfaces of the tounge.
edges and back
100
Which of the following are the chemical senses?
Gustation
Olfaction
101
What is the taste sensation that increases the intensity of other taste qualities called?
Umami
102
The human tongue has approximately ______ taste buds.
9000
103
Evolutionary theorists point to the adaptive nature of the sense of taste by citing that many poisonous substances in nature have _____ tastes
bitter
104
The
| _______bulb is a forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity.
olfactory
105
The two major body senses are ______ with receptors in the nerve endings in the muscles, tendons, and joints, and ______ with receptors in the inner ear.
kinesthesia, equilibrium
106
The largest organ in the body is the
skin
107
Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold are examples of the four
tactile senses.
108
Primary receptors for pain and temperature are _______ and receptors for touch and light pressure are ______.
free nerve endings, basket cell fibres
109
Menstrual synchrony, the tendency for women living together to have similar menstrual cycles, may be due to
pheromones
110
The primary receptors for pain and temperature in the skin are the
________nerve endings, simple cells beneath the skin's surface that resemble bare tree branches.
free
111
Which of the following are skin and body senses?
Touch
Gustation
Kinesthesis
Olfaction
Equilibrium
Touch
Kinesthesis
Equilibrium
112
Research conducted by Katz and Melzack (1990) found that even when a limb had been lost due to some unforeseen event, the person could still feel pain in it. This experience is an example of
phantom-limb pain
113
The four tactile senses include pressure, pain, warmth and
cold
114
Free nerve endings respond to intense mechanical, thermal or
______stimulation.
chemical
115
The theory proposing that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the nervous system is called
gate control theory
116
Which brain region sends pain information to the somatosensory and frontal regions of the brain?
Thalamus
117
Hormones that help to control pain by inhibiting the release of some neurotransmitters are called
endorphins
118
Which mechanisms help to explain why acupuncture helps to reduce pain?
Endorphin mechanisms
119
Identify all the body regions that have pain receptors.
Brain
Head hair
Eyeballs
Bones
Living teeth
Eyeballs
Living teeth
120
Endorphins help to control pain because they inhibit the release of some
neurotransmitters
121
The understanding of a person's body orientation, or equilibrium, is called the
vestibular sense
122
__________ interprets sensory information in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations.
Top-down processing
123
Frank can focus on certain stimuli while he is filtering out incoming information. This example describes
attention
124
Which perceptual process takes in individual elements of the stimulus and then combines them into a unified perception?
Bottom-up processing
125
A driver who is listening closely to a podcast while driving may fail to see a car braking in front of them because of ________ ________
inattentional blindness
126
Which of the following stimulus characteristics attract our attention?
Blues and greens
Pastel colours
Repetition
Movement
Novelty
Repetition
Movement
Novelty
127
The
| _________ sense provides information about balance and movement.
vestibular
128
The failure of unattended stimuli to register into consciousness is called
inattentional blindness
129
Which of the following are the gestalt principles of organization?
Proximity
Hue
Saturation
Closure
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Similarity
130
If you are hungry and see an ad on television for a big juicy hamburger, you will most likely notice it. This is an example of
how our motives and interests influence the stimuli we attend to
131
The tendency to organize stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background is called
figure-ground.
132
The school of psychology that emphasizes that people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns is called
Gestalt psychology
133
A perceptual schema is the mental representation or image containing the distinctive features of a(n)
person, object, event, or other perceptual phenomenon
134
The
| _______ cube is an optical illusion where the orientation of a drawing of a cube appears to switch.
necker
135
The ______ includes the principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Gestalt perspective
136
A perceptual set consists of the readiness to perceive a stimulus in
a particular way.
137
Which of the following is consistent with the Gestalt law of similarity?
Objects that are similar in shape, size or colour tend to be grouped together.
138
The Necker cube changes before your eyes because your nervous system is trying out a new
perceptual hypothesis
139
The fact that wherever you sit in the movie theater, the picture on the screen does not appear distorted is an example of
shape constancy
140
What are the three types of perceptual constancy?
Brightness constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Texture constancy
Depth constancy
Brightness constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
141
What type of depth cue is an artist mostly dependent upon when they paint on a flat surface?
Monocular depth cues
142
Fraser's spiral illustrates the Gestalt law of
continuity
143
Linear perspective is an example of a(n)
| _________depth cue.
monocular
144
Diane perceives an office tower as being far away in part because of another office tower that appears in front of it. This is an example of the monocular depth cue
interposition
145
One of the monocular depth cues is
| ________for example, it is easier to see nearby hills better than those farther away.
clarity
146
When you see two objects that you know are similar in size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away. This is an example of
the monocular depth cue of relative size
147
The perception that parallel lines converge or angle toward one another as they recede into the distance is known as
linear perspective
148
When you look at a field of boulders, you know that some of them are closer to you because they partially block your view of the boulders that are farther away. In this example you are using the monocular cue of
_______to judge distance.
interposition
149
When we are moving, close objects appear to be moving faster and in the opposite direction of far away objects because of _______ ________
motion parallax
150
Convergence depth cues require
eyes looking inward
151
3-D movies make use of the principles of
binocular disparity
152
The perception of movement is a complex process, sometimes requiring the brain to integrate information from several different
senses
153
Binocular depth cues require
both eyes
154
When each eye sees a slightly different image it is called
binocular disparity
155
Stroboscopic movement is also known as the
| ________phenomenon.
phi
156
Illusory movement produced when a light is briefly flashed in darkness, and then, a few milliseconds later, another light is flashed nearby is the definition for
stroboscopic movement
157
One's analysis of perceptual schemas, hypotheses, sets and constancies allows us to experience the phenomena known as a(n)
illusion
158
What are the major influences on perceptual constancies?
Context or surroundings
159
In the
| _______ illusion, distance cues create size illusions.
ponzo
160
An illusion consists of a person’s analysis of
perceptual schemas, hypotheses, sets, and constancies
161
The Ponzo illusion occurs because of which of the following depth cues?
linear perspective
162
In the Ponzo illusion, depth cues of ______ and ______ provide distance cues that affect size perception and disrupt size.
height of the horizontal plane
linear perspective
163
The Ames room illusion occurs because of a breakdown_________constancy.
size
164
Experiments by Gibson and Walk (1960) involved a
______ ________ a glass-covered table with a drop off beneath the glass which neither infants nor young animals would cross.
visual cliff
165
The BaMbuti pygmy Kenge believed that the buffalo was an insect due to a failure in
size constancy
166
The study of restricted stimulation and restored vision illustrate the role of
_______ _______ in perceptual development.
critcal periods
167
What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate?
The role of both innate depth perception and previous experience
168
Which of the following is an example of the influence of culture on perception?
Food preferences
169
What has been found in research studying people whose visual capabilities have been restored?
No amount of subsequent experience could make up for their lack of visual experience during the critical period of childhood.
170
Which of the following suggest that biology and experience interact in complex ways in regard to visual capacity?
Animal studies concerning deprivation
Cross-cultural perceptual differences
Observations of visual restoration
