Chapter 5 Flashcards by Ahmad Khaddash

What is the literal meaning of cinematography?

Writing in movement

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In cinematography, contrast describes the comparative difference between ______.

light and dark areas

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In cinematography, exposure describes how much ______ passes through the camera lens.

light

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Which describes a characteristic of a filter?

The reduction of certain frequencies of light that pass through the lens

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The person who is responsible for making changes in an image’s tonality in postproduction is the ______.

colorist

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Which are aspects of cinematography?

Perspective

Speed of motion

Control of tonalities

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What is a characteristic of high-contrast images? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Whites that are pure and bright

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Which affects the speed of motion in a film?

Rate at which the film was shot

Rate of projection

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What technique is used in this image from Vidas Secas for expressive effect? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Overexposure

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A filmmaker could use which of the following to achieve an accelerated pace of action?

Fast-motion effect

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In early filmmaking, cinematographers would use blue filters in sunlight, a technique called ______. (Click on image to enlarge.)

day for night

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Which of the following is an extremely important component in the creation of CGI characters, such as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings trilogy?

Motion-capture

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What is the process called when developed film is dipped into a dye bath, resulting in lighter areas picking up the color of the dye? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Tinting

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The use of slow-motion footage can help produce which of the following?

Lyrical rhythms

Dreamlike states

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Filmmakers who use the ramping technique, must take into account ______.

exposure

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What is the standard filming rate?

24 fps

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What is required to produce time-lapse footage?

Very low shooting speed

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When a film is exposed at fewer frames per second or slower than the projection rate, it results in the ______ effect.

fast-motion

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Before digital filmmaking, what tool was used to control the speed of movement on the screen after filming?

The optical printer

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In this image from The Lord of the Rings trilogy, which technique was used to highlight the character Galadriel? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Selective color grading

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What tool is used to gather light from a scene and direct it onto film or a video chip?

A lens

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A film shot at 48 fps but projected at 24 fps results in a ______ effect.

slow-motion

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The distance from the center of a lens to the point at which light rays converge on the film is known as the ______ of the lens.

focal length

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What is varying the frame rate while shooting called?

Ramping

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What technique could be used to show an entire year in the life of a tree in only thirty seconds?

Time-lapse

What type of lens was used to capture this image from The Cranes are Flying? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Wide-angle

Which techniques can be used after filming to change the speed of movement seen on the screen?

Freezing the action Stretch printing Skipping frames

Which type of lens produces the least perspective distortion in the frame? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Medium

Which of the following is created by a lens?

Perspective image

Which type of lens would you most likely use to film action at a great distance, such as at a sports game?

Telephoto

Which of the following can be altered by changes in focal length?

The perceived depth in an image The size of an object

Filmmakers who use the ramping technique, must take into account ______.

exposure

Which is true of zoom lenses?

They have a variable focal length.

Straight lines that bulge outwards at the edge of the frame is characteristic of ______ lenses.

wide-angle

In this image from Simple Men, the yellow railing at lower right is blurred and out of focus, indicating that it is NOT in the ______ of the lens. (Click on image to enlarge.)

depth of field

In high-end digital cinematography, what is a characteristic of images shot with a 50mm medium lens?

Horizontal parallel lines recede to distant vanishing points.

What is the primary goal of deep focus? (Click on image to enlarge.)

To keep subjects in the foreground and background in focus

The lack of depth in the background behind the characters in this image from Life on a String indicates that this image was captured with a ______ lens. (Click on image to enlarge.)

long

What technique is commonly used to switch a viewer's attention between foreground and background within a shot, as in these shots from Last Tango in Paris? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Racking focus

The distance from the center of a lens to the point at which light rays converge on the film is known as the ______ of the lens.

focal length

What is generally a component in the production of digital special effects?

A green screen

In order to enlarge or reduce a portion of a shot while filming, a filmmaker will use a ______ lens.

zoom

What type of special effect is shown in this image from Boom Town?

Rear projection

The range of distance within which objects will be in focus, is known as the ______ of a lens.

depth of field

What is the general special effect called that includes both matte work and rear projection?

Superimposition

Which are necessary to achieve deep focus?

A lens with a short focal length and higher levels of lighting

Which describes framing at its most basic level?

The way in which elements are visually presented in an image

What does racking focus allow the filmmaker to do?

Alter the focus within a shot

Which elements helped persuade commercial theaters to show recent 3D films?

Higher ticket prices Digital projection systems

What is the technique of laying images over one another, creating multiple perspectives within the frame? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Superimposition

1. 17:1 1. 37:1 1. 85:1 2. 2:1

Early sound filmsEarly sound films , Most mid-20th century filmsMost mid-20th century films 1.85:1 Contemporary North American filmsContemporary North American films 70mm widescreen films70mm widescreen films

Showing footage on a screen and then filming actors in front of the screen is a technique known as ______.

rear projection

What is the process used to create a widescreen image by squeezing the image horizontally? (Click on image to enlarge.)

The anamorphic process

What is a film scene called in which a background setting is photographed on film and later combined with another strip of film featuring the actors?

Matte work

Which of the following is more difficult for widescreen framing than for framing using the 1.37 ratio?

Guiding viewer attention

Which of the following is an aspect of framing?

The boundary of onscreen space

What is a shape that is embedded over the normal film frame called? (Click on image to enlarge.)

A mask

The primary way in which virtual perspective, or stereoscopic imagery, is manipulated is through the use of a(n) ______.

convergence point

What techniques does the following image from The Thomas Crown Affair illustrate? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Multiple-frame imagery

What was the aspect ratio set by early filmmakers, such as Thomas Edison and Louis Lumière?

1.33:1

What is the simplest way to create a widescreen image during filming? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Using a hard matte

What are effects that the deliberate use of offscreen space can achieve?

Suspense Engagement of viewer imagination

What common choice for widescreen composition is illustrated by this image from Yeelen? (Click on image to enlarge.)

The subject is placed in a position slightly off-center.

In many Western films, the hero is often filmed from below, so he appears larger than life. Which of the following describes this type of shot?

Low angle

Which of the following is a moving circular mask?

Iris

When the frame is tipped off center or at an angle to the horizon, it is said to be ______.

canted

Multiple-frame imagery allows viewers to ______.

watch different story actions simultaneously

In order to use a low camera angle, the height of the camera must be ______ the subject.

below

What is the comparative relationship of frame width to frame height called?

Aspect ratio

What type of shot would you use to capture a landscape or vista? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Extreme long shot

The separation between onscreen and offscreen space is determined by the ______.

frame

True or false: Framing is a way to keep meaning consistent through the otherwise diverse nature of films.

False

What camera angle is used in this shot from The Social Network? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Straight-on

What do the camera positions in these two shots from Fury accomplish? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Establish a character's point of view

The disorienting effect in this image from Fallen Angel is due in great part to the ______ framing. (Click on image to enlarge.)

canted

What is the primary effect of camera movement?

It gives viewers the feeling that they are also moving

Which camera positions best describe this image from Family Plot? (Click on image to enlarge.)

High height, high angle

Which are types of camera movement?

Pan Tilt Dolly shot Crane shot

Which type of distance shot is used to frame the human body from the waist up? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Medium shot

What type of shot is produced when using a dolly? (Click on image to enlarge.)

Tracking

The function of a particular filmmaker's framing choice is based on ______.

the context within the film

Which is a difference between a zoom-in shot and a forward-tracking shot?

In a zoom-in shot, the viewer's vantage point remains the same.

What is the consequence of using a long shot rather than a close-up of Mark Zuckerberg for this scene in The Social Network? (Click on image to enlarge.)

The long shot reduces audience sympathy for Zuckerberg.

Which are suggested by handheld shots?

Subjective point of view Anxiety

What is the term for a filmmaker's ability to change the camera angle, level, height, or distance during a shot?

Mobile framing

Which type of camera movement would be typically be used to follow the minor movements of a character?

Pan

What is the technique of mobile framing in which the camera turns on a vertical axis?

Panning

What type of camera movement was popularized by the film A Hard Day's Night?

Fast zoom-in and zoom-out

What type of equipment is needed to produce a shot that starts low but rises high into the air?

A crane

The film Grand Illusion contains scenes in which independent camera movements become motifs. Which of the following statements are true about the recurring camera-movement motif represented by these two images from the film?

The camera movement consists of pulling back from a close-up to show a larger context. The camera movement links the characters with details of their environment.

Which of the following techniques was used in Hitchcock's Vertigo to produce a dizzying, disorienting effect?

Tracking out while zooming in

A shot that shows the passage of several months of story time in one minute of screen time illustrates

condensed time.

What is an important function of camera movement and frame mobility?

They act as a substitute for viewer movement.

Birdman appears as one long, continuous take, a feat made possible by

digital software.

Which of the following statements are true of the relationship between frame mobility and space?

Frame mobility can reveal previously offscreen objects. Frame mobility helps to establish locale.

Which statements accurately describe long takes?

A long take can be divided into smaller units by frame mobility. A long take can develop its trajectory and shape. A long take can have its own formal pattern.

What temporal quality is greatly shaped by frame mobility?

Rhythm

Specific camera movements that recur throughout a film, creating specific patterns, function as ______.

motifs

When a shot is recording the actual duration of events, the filming is said to be in ______.

real time

A long shot indicates ______, whereas a long take indicates ______.

distance; time

Which of the following techniques can be used in making a single long take?

Tracking Panning Craning Zooming