Chapter 5 and 6 study guide

Question 1

What is Learning?

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in one’s behavior due to experience

Question 2

Response-stimulus associations are to ____ as stimulus-stimulus associations are to ______

Answer 2

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 3

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 3

a type of learning in which an individual makes associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 4

a stimulus that naturally evokes a response without previous conditioning

Question 5

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 5

a completely naturally response that occurs without being trained to have that response

Question 6

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 6

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Question 7

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 7

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of the association that has been made between 2 stimuli

Question 8

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by?

Answer 8

Pavlov

Question 9

John B. Watson, father of what school of thought or perspective?

Answer 9

behaviorism

Question 10

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of the food was a (n)?

Answer 10

unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of a tone was a (n)?

Answer 11

conditioned stimulus

Question 12

A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is what kind of response?

Answer 12

classically conditioned response/phobia

Question 13

If a tone causes a do to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a (n)?

Answer 13

neutral stimulus

Question 14

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment with his dog’s, the ____ signal the impeding occurrence of the ____

Answer 14

bell, unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

What did John B. Watson believe about human character development?

Answer 15

all about the environment

Question 16

Spontaneous recovery refers to?

Answer 16

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a certain time period

Question 17

Extinction occurs when a ___ is no longer paired with a ____

Answer 17

conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

Question 18

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates?

Answer 18

generalization

Question 19

John B. Watson’s study of Little Albert demonstrated what?

Answer 19

phobias can be manufactured

Question 20

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of?

Answer 20

generalization

Question 21

B. F. Skinner’s work elaborated on what E. L. Thorndike had called?

Answer 21

law of effect

Question 22

Describe the Skinner Box

Answer 22

a chamber in which a rat would be “shaped” or “trained” to do a certain behavior

Question 23

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to do?

Answer 23

learn new behaviors

Question 24

Describe and recognize examples of Successive Approximations

Answer 24

shaping, hot/cold game

Question 25

What is Shaping?

Answer 25

the reinforcement or closer and closer approximation of the desired response

Question 26

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a (n)?

Answer 26

positive reinforcement

Question 27

What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule?

Answer 27

the reinforcer is given after a FIXED number of non-reinforced responses

Question 28

What is a Variable Ratio Schedule?

Answer 28

the reinforcer is given after a VARIABLE NUMBER of non-reinforced responses

Question 29

What is a Fixed Interval Schedule?

Answer 29

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Question 30

An aversive consequence that decreases the reoccurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a (n)?

Answer 30

punishment

Question 31

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of punishments or reinforces to increase behavior and or deal with bad behavior?

Answer 31

reinforce good behavior vs. punishments

Question 32

If psychologists don't like the use of physical punishment, what are their reasons?

Answer 32

cause resentment and fear towards the parents

Question 33

Describe Cognitive Map

Answer 33

a mental representation or a mental picture of a physical environment due to learning

Question 34

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves?

Answer 34

extrinsic motivation

Question 35

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by what?

Answer 35

the environment, rewards, punishment

Question 36

In a well known experiment, preschool children punched and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten up. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of?

Answer 36

not being violent around your children

Question 37

What is encoding?

Answer 37

the process of putting information into memory, or forming cognitive representations of information

Question 38

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called?

Answer 38

retrieval

Question 39

Flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ____ memory

Answer 39

long-term memory

Question 40

What is automatic processing?

Answer 40

tasks that can be done without the need for conscious attention

Question 41

The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called?

Answer 41

maintenance rehearsal

Question 42

What is the spacing effect?

Answer 42

learning is more effective when studying time is spaced out

Question 43

Primary effect versus recency effect

Answer 43

primary- remember the first items | recency- remember the last items

Question 44

Neurotransmitter associated with memory, associated with Alzheimer's

Answer 44

acetylcholine

Question 45

Structure of the brain responsible for transferring STM to LTM

Answer 45

hippocampus

Question 46

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is know as the _____ effect

Answer 46

serial order effect

Question 47

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 47

when a word, phrase, or picture is encoded on the basis of meaning rather than the sound or vision of it

Question 48

What is the mnemonic device?

Answer 48

specific encoding techniques that can aid our retrieval by helping us to organize and add meaningfulness to new material

Question 49

What is the method of loci?

Answer 49

the learner imagines a familiar location and places the material she is trying to recall in various places throughout her house in a sensible order

Question 50

Acronyms... examples of?

Answer 50

HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

Question 51

What is chunking?

Answer 51

a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit U S A M S N G C S E N B C USA MSN GCSE NBC

Question 52

What is narrative chaining?

Answer 52

technique to improve retrieval of unorganized material by weaving that material into a meaningful story

Question 53

Being able to imagine a word or phrase does what to your ability to remember it?

Answer 53

improves it

Question 54

What are schemas and how they affect memory?

Answer 54

an internal, organized, general knowledge system stored in long-term memory

Question 55

What is overlearning?

Answer 55

process of practicing or rehearsing material over and above what is needed to learn it

Question 56

Distributive practice versus mass practice

Answer 56

distributive- spreading out your learning | mass- forcing info. to be learned into a short period of time

Question 57

Flashbulb memories and their accuracy

Answer 57

vivid and detailed recollection of events, usually remembered vividly

Question 58

What is relearning?

Answer 58

the change in performance that occurs when a person is required to learn material for a second time

Question 59

What is the Clive Wearing case?

Answer 59

man lives without LTM, a viral infection attacks his hippocampus, only has STM capabilities

Question 60

Amnesia associated with damage to what part of the brain?

Answer 60

the limbic system

Question 61

Autobiographical memory seems to develop when?

Answer 61

around 3 years old

Question 62

What is episodic memory?

Answer 62

remembering a particular event or episode as a child

Question 63

The formation of new memories probably increases the formation of what?

Answer 63

dendrites, synapses, axon terminals branches

Question 64

Evidence suggests that we can recall true memories of events that happened to us at what age?

Answer 64

3 to 4 years old

Question 65

What is iconic memory?

Answer 65

"sparkler effect", a fleeting photographic memory which only lasts for a few tenths of a second

Question 66

What is sensory memory?

Answer 66

preserves information in its original sensory form for a very brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Question 67

What is echoic memory?

Answer 67

a fleeting auditory memory of sounds or phrases

Question 68

STM and LTM... capacity and duration?

Answer 68

short term memory- limited capacity, 20-30 seconds | long term memory- unlimited capacity

Question 69

What are retrieval cues?

Answer 69

a clue or prompt that is used to trigger the retrieval of long-term memory

Question 70

What is state dependent memory?

Answer 70

improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state are the same during encoding and retrieval

Question 71

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 71

when our memory for past events is altered after exposure to misleading information

Question 72

What are the functions associated with the hippocampus?

Answer 72

responsible for transferring info from stm to ltm | not fully developed until age 3, explains our lack of childhood memory