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Intro to Forensic Science > Chapter 5 and 7 Powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and 7 Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Reconstruction Patterns

A

generally cannot be collected; documented only

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2
Q

Identification patterns

A

can generally be collected and preserved; documented and collected; involves comparison between Q vs K samples

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3
Q

Questioned Specimen

A

Q, unknown crime scene sample; unknown origin

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4
Q

Known specimen

A

k, control comparison sample; known origin

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5
Q

K vs. Q = not a match

A

Exclusion; K is excluded an the origin of Q

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6
Q

K vs. Q = not enough information to determine

A

inconclusive; no conclusion can be drawn either way

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7
Q

K vs. Q = match

A

inclusion, K is included as the origin of Q

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8
Q

Inclusions

A

known sample is included as your source; can be a person or an item associated with a person (finger, shoe, tire, weapon)

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9
Q

exclusions

A

a known and questioned specimen do not match and could have had a common origin; absolute; just as important as inclusions and identification; DO NOT CONFUSE WITH inconclusive

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10
Q

inconclusive

A

if there are a few details present that do match, but not enough for an id, the examiner cannot exclude that Q and K are from the same source

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11
Q

individualization pattern comparisons

A
  1. physical match
  2. comparison of impression marks (footwear/tire mark; fingerprints; firearms and tool marks)
  3. shape and form comparison (handwriting comparison / questioned document examination)

Make sure same specimens are being compared.

General orientation of impressions is being compared (left v right shoe)

Compare class characteristics (category)

Compare individual characteristics (what is different)

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12
Q

Class Characteristics

A

defines class or category that objects belong to; not sufficient to define individuality alone; two categories - general and limited; result of manufacturing (rips in jeans, pattern on the bottom of shoe. etc.)

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13
Q

General class characteristics

A

characteristics intentionally produced by the manufacturing process; standard for every make and model of the item

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14
Q

limited class characteristic

A

characteristics unintentionally produced by the manufacturing process; unique to a certain mold, imperfections in the mold used

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15
Q

individual characteristics

A

accidental/ unintentional; random marks from wear; sufficient number of these will allow an examiner to make an indentification

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16
Q

physical match

A

matches between or among pieces of randomly fractured, torn, or cut object that might show that the pieces were originally part of the same item (find the origin)

Direct match: primary/first order

Indirect match: secondary/second order

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17
Q

direct physical match can occur if:

A
  • the fractured or torn pieces are from a solid object
  • the solid object is expected to fracture randomly
  • the pieces can be matched back together
    (capable of being realigned, cannot be forced back together, all of the pieces are available for a direct match. If there are pieces missing, it is an indirect match)
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18
Q

Examples of motors vehicle physical matches

A

paint chips; headlights; grill; exterior mirrors; lights; trim pieces

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19
Q

Examples of burglary physical matches

A

paint chips; wood; tools; glass; doors/trims

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20
Q

Examples of bicycle physical matches

A

reflectors; lights; tires; spokes

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21
Q

Examples of miscellaneous physical matches

A

buttons; fingerprints; knives; bones; stones

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22
Q

Indirect physical match can occur if

A

some portions of the item are missing; the item is not solid (fabric); the item has distorted or poorly define edges

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23
Q

An indirect match is often the result of

A

a complex pattern that reaches across the boundaries of each piece.

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24
Q

Examples of indirect matches

A

matches; paper documents; money; checks; stamps; sheet plastic; etc.

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25
Impression
encompasses imprints and indentations
26
Imprints
2D representation of an object in some kind of medium on a hard surface
27
Indentations
3D representation of an object left in a soft, impressionable surface.
28
Striation
a number of parallel or nearly parallel lines or scratches on a surface inscribed by another object passing over that surface Usually tool marks made by a tool passing over a hard surface; can be a tool or object; can be striation marks on bullet surfaces from rifling on barrels of firearms
29
After recognition of the impression marks, what is the next step?
Documentation
30
Photographs should show:
location of the impression in the scene (overall and mid range photos) impression with an evidence marker next to it (close up photos) comparison quality photographs may replace/ supplement cast
31
Comparison Quality Photographs
1. film plane parallel 2. scale at same depth as impression 3. side light technique for indentations 4. bracket exposure
32
What is the best way to collect an impression?
Take the entire item when possible
33
If taking the entire item is not possible or necessary
lifts and casts are used for impression evidence
34
Collection and Preservation of Impressions
- tape lifts - gel lifts - accutrans - mikrosil - electrostatic dust lifter - casts (plaster of paris, dental stone)
35
Comparison Specimens: Footwear
Some has to wear the suspected shoe, somewhere
36
Comparison Specimens: Tire marks
The suspected tire should be on the suspected care, somewhere
37
Comparison Specimens: Friction Ridge Impressions
- rolled ten print card - major case record - barefoot impression
38
Comparison Specimens: Fire arms
test fire with suspected weapon and ammunition
39
Patterns may be difficult to analyze or compare because of:
poor visibility; lack of medium; interference between pattern evidence and complex background
40
Photographic Techniques
Side lighting UV light ALS Filters
41
Physical and Chemical development techniques
luminol/ blue star amido black leucocrystal violet
42
digital imaging
photo shop | image pro
43
Questioned document
any means of communication that is suspect, entirely or in part, as to authenticity of its origin
44
With questioned document, it can examine and compare:
handwriting, typewriting, copier output, looking for erasures, looking for alterations, sequence of writing and printing
45
alteration
a change in the physical appearance or meaning of something, often only slightly
46
authenticate
to prove that something is real, true, or what it is purported to be
47
forgery
to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive
48
examination and comparison of handwriting is
scientific and technical
49
Questioned document examination
starts with basic handwriting style; handwriting style and major characteristics are set by the time formal education is finished
50
Question document examination class characteristics
may see similarities in people from the same countries
51
Question documentation examination individual characteristics
normal variations
52
Three basic parts associated with a document that can yield useful information
- the writing surface - the writing instrument - the transfer medium
53
Writing Surface
paper - most common expensive or cheap? high content of cotton fibers surface treatment (coating or sizing) mechanically pulped or chemically pulped wood
54
Writing Instrument
Ball point pens (different mechanics of pens; ball point INK) ink delivery varies from pen to pen ink compositions
55
Evidence (questioned) and control (known) samples must be:
in a sufficient amount = lots of control samples pristine condition original writings not copies
56
Known standards for a questioned document
collected writing; requested ordered writings
57
Collected writings
must useful knowns; most difficult to obtain; samples of subjects life experience and history; original writing preferred; must be authenticated
58
Requested (ordered) writings
voluntary; court order; direct from the subject; carefully controlled conditions (sample writing must be dictated to subject; no spelling grammar corrections; should take upwards 20-30 samples of the sam dictation
59
Writing mechanics
how a letter is written; letter shapes; connections between letters; where pressure was applied; word and letter spacing; other subtle characteristics of the writing
60
Handprinting
non cursive writing; letters are individually formed; not normally connected
61
Daubert Issues w/ Questioned Documenti Examination
Handwriting comparison and identification has been accepted in the legal system for about 100 years Questioned whether or not is it actually scientific or technical may be accepted or may be challenged
62
FBI
Footwear and Tire tread Database (manufacture information, previously submitted case information)
63
NIJ
TreadMark; SoleMate; TreadMate

Intro to Forensic Science (12 decks)

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