Chapter 5 - Birth, Death and Movement (CHAPTER + SLIDES)

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

a group of individuals of one species
- birth death and movement change and alter the population (size and more)

Question 2

Unitary organism

Answer 2

Single, functional entity

Question 3

Modular organism

Answer 3

Repeated production of “modules” => such as leaves on a plant
- these are mostly rooted organisms, that have an indeterminate program of development

Question 4

Genet

Answer 4

single-celled zygote developed
- can estimate development with indices of abundance and stuff rather than just counting.,

Question 5

Module

Answer 5

an offshoot formed by vegitative growth

Question 6

Generalized life history

Answer 6

• Birth
• Pre-reproduvtive
• Reproductive
• Post-reproductive (unusal to have)
• Senescence death

this is common for unitary organisms
all organisms require a growth period

Question 7

Annuals

Answer 7

one generatrion each year

Question 8

Perennials / Others

Answer 8

extended life cycle
- some fit many generations in one year

Question 9

Growth and reproduction require resources

Answer 9

Therefore it creates conflict and you might lose some growth for reproduction and viceversa since you need to allocate resources

Question 10

Biennal plants

Answer 10

Year 1 = Vegetative growth
Year 2 = flowering and death
- if the flower is cut before the seeds are made though the plant will survive and try again to grow. So the death is determined by the flowering.

Question 11

Iteroparous Species

Answer 11

Breeds reptitdley devoting some resources during a breeding episode to survival for further breeding episodes.

Question 12

Semelparous species

Answer 12

Do not set aside resources, so they die shortly after reproduction

Question 13

Annual life cycles

Answer 13

Grasshoppers
- annual & iteroparous

Annual plants
- usually semelparous
- most annuals spend 1 dominant phase as seeds, spores, eggs, or cysts and this phase can last YEARRRSS before they decide to grow.

Question 14

Seed bank

Answer 14

large population of dormant seeds buried in soils

Question 15

Ephemeral Plant cycle

Answer 15

Short-lived plants
- such as in sand dunes and deserts
- depends on the dormant stage to survive
- then eventually when conditions are right they flower for up to only like 8 weeks.

Question 16

Plants with larger life periods

Answer 16

• Photoperiod can trigger mating in flowering plants
• the population is maintained partially by adult survival partially by birth
• sometimes if there is little seasonal variation you’ll gateher continous breeders that dont stop.
• Sometimes there is semelpary in biennal plants such in bamboo that can live for 100 years without reproducing
• same thing occurs with salmon in the pacific.
• the size of a plant is more useful for determining its surivial and chances of reproduction rather than its age.

Question 17

Monitoring Birth and death Quantitatevley

Answer 17

Life tables!!

The ones with the colusm that are diagonal and you can see just one group per year

Question 18

Cohort

Answer 18

All individuals born in a particular period

Question 19

Cohort life table

Answer 19

Survivorship of members of cohort over time

Question 20

Static life table

Answer 20

the survivorship of members at different ages.

Question 21

Age-specific fecundity schedules

Answer 21

How much individuals of different ages contribute to births in the population as a whole

Question 22

Annuals as life tables

Answer 22

COHORT LIFE TABLES (non-overlapping generations)
- this is possible because its possible to follow them from the first birth to untill the last death
- you can mark individuals easily incase of there being overlap (they did it with marmots)
- compare dynamics of two isolated populations
- but you must standardize the raw data if youre doing comparisons.C

Question 23

Cohort life table signs

Answer 23

Ax = number alive at the start
Lx = Proportion of that surviving
Fx = female number produced by age class
Mx = femal surviving (fecundity)
MxLx = Female surviving per class (fecundity)

• you can find the basic preprodctive rate (R0) by getting the sum of all LxMx

Question 24

R0

Answer 24

Basic reproductive rate

R0 = 1 (steady)
R0 < 1 (decreasing population)
R0 > 1 (increasing population)

Question 25

Survivorship curves

Answer 25

Plots of logs (Lx) BUT NOT A LOG SCALE, ITS A BUNCH OF LOGS PLOTTED.

Question 26

Static life table uses

Answer 26

only with careful interpreation

Question 27

Classification of survivorship curves

Answer 27

X axis = AGE Y axis (log10(Lx)) Type I = starts up then curves outwards to down Type II = straight line from up to down Type III = starts up then curves inwards to down Y axis (risk of mortality) Type I = Starts down then curves to up Type II = Straight horizontal line Type III = starts up then curves inwards to down

Question 28

Generalized spacial pattern

Answer 28

1) Aggregated (clumped) 2) Random 3) regular (evenly) spaced - movement and special distribution (AKA dispersal) are linked

Question 29

Migration

Answer 29

Mass directional movement of large numbers of a species from one location to another - perception of the pattern of movement depends on its scale

Question 30

The average density

Answer 30

The total numebr of individuals divided by the total size of the habitat (this depends on the habitat definition)

Question 31

Dispersal is important to determine the abundance that we observe

Answer 31

Because it gets the organisms there in the first place - invasions thend to be driven by acts of dispersal too - dispersal can be density dependent - inverse density dependenence??? could occur maybe i dont really understand this

Question 32

Inverse density dependence

Answer 32

a pattern often attributed to the avoidance of inbreeding between closely related individuals (and the lowered offspringfitness that would result), since on average, at low densities, a high proportion of those you grow up with are likely to be your close relatives. - i really dont get this

Question 33

Scales in population distribution

Answer 33

Large Scale = Clumped in certain enviornments Medium Scale = Aggregation based on specific habitats Small Scale = Randomly distributed / spaced to avoid competition

Question 34

Impact of intraspecific competition on populations

Answer 34

Crowding can be more important than density - especially in modular organisms The birth and death rates are density dependent - so you can see their graphs cross - they tend to cross when densities are equal - their carrying capacity is the point in the graph where they cross (K)

Question 35

Carrying capacity

Answer 35

Density < K, then the births are > deaths = so increased population Density > K, then the births are < deaths = so decreased population Populations tend to settle at K for intraspecific competition.

Question 36

Exponential Growth

Answer 36

Populations at low densities that frow by simple multiplaction over successful intervals of time

Question 37

Rate of increase

Answer 37

The population's intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) r = 0 at carrying capacity - reduction at carryinc capacity will show a logistic growth (NOT AN exponential growth)

Question 38

Net recruitment

Answer 38

The number of births minus the number of deaths in a population over a period of time - low density will result in a low net recruitment

Question 39

Life history patterns

Answer 39

- Useful patterns that link different types of life history and habitat 1) Cost of reproduction - trade off resources and growth for reproduction 2) Rapid multiplication (short-lived) - typical for terrestrial organisms that invade disturbed lands (such as weeds) - or for newly opened enviornments - BUT THEY ARE NATURAL SELECTIONS favorite lifestyle

Question 40

r species (r-selecting)

Answer 40

higher rates of multiplication but short lifestyle - many small progeny-

Question 41

K species (K-selecting)

Answer 41

lower rates of multiplication but high resources and so longer lifestyle - more successful in leaving descendants and are usually crowded - few large progeny

Question 42

r/K scheme evidence

Answer 42

true in plants not so true in fish