Chapter 5: Carbohydrates Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are carbohydrates? They are composed of? What is the main source?
provide energy, composed of amino acids, found in fruits, veg, dairy, bread, pasta
What is the simplest form of carbohydrate? Which is the most abundant?
monosaccharide, glucose
What are the disaccharides? Which two sugars are linked together for each?
2 sugars,
What is special about Beta bonds? Examples of foods with a beta bond?
not easily broken down, seeds, alc, milk, sugacane
What is found in milk and milk products? What are its components? How does this produce gas?
lactose, 1 glucose + 1 galactose, milk & milk products
What are polysaccharides? List the ones that are ingestible and those that are not and the types for
each.
3 sugars
indigestible = fiber
digestible = starch, glycogen
Why does amylopectin raise blood glucose levels more quickly than amylose? What kind of
bonds do they have? Are they branched or unbranched?
it has more branches and has alpha bonds
What is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans? Where are the two major storage sites?
What is the importance of its branches?
glycogen, liver & muscle cells, breaks down quickly by enzymes for energy
What are fibers composed of? What kind of bonds do they contain? What are insoluble and
soluble fibers?
non-starch polysaccharides, beta bonds
soluble fibers = pectin, gums, mucilages
insoluble fibers = cellulose, hemicellulose, ligins
What are the benefits of fiber?
reduce constipation
Where can fiber be found? What effect does processing have on fiber?
found in grains, legumes, processing lowers fiber
What does the RDA recommend for carbohydrate intake? What carbohydrates should we be
consuming?
130 g/day, diets should be rich in fruit, veg, & whole grain
What do digestible carbohydrates get broken down into? What is its main function?
glucose, provide energy
How does fiber promote bowel health? What happens with too little fiber in the diet?
reduces the risk for diabetes & constipation, too little fiber can lead to constipation, hemorrhoids, & diverticula
The breakdown of carbohydrates and what enzymes act on the disaccharides.
- in the mouth, amylase in saliva breaks starch into smaller polysaccharides & disaccharides
- in the stomach, salivary amylase is activated
- in the SI, digestion continues w/ pancreatic amylase & dextrinase from the pancreas
maltose + maltase = glucose + glucose
sucrose + sucrase = glucose + fructose
lactose + lactase = glucose + galactose
Glucose and galactose absorption:
absorbed by active transport, pumped into absorptive cells with sodium
Fructose absorption:
absorbed by facilitated diffusion, slower absorption than glucose & galactose
What are the health risks of a high-fiber diet? High sugar diet?
high-fiber = hemorrhoids, bleeding, blockage high-sugar = weight gain & obesity, CVD
What causes lactose intolerance? What are the symptoms? What causes these symptoms?
insufficiency of lactase production, gas & bloating, diarrhea
What is hyper- and hypo-glycemia? Which one is associated with diabetes?
hyperglycemia = high blood pressure hypoglycemia = low blood pressure, associated w/ diabetes
Describe Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. What are the differences and similarities?
type 1 = insulin cells in pancreas destroyed, insulin shots required, often begins in childhood
type 2 = response to insulin stops, associated w/ inactivity & obesity
