Chapter 5 Cardio Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
Heart
A
Hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity
2
Q
Apex
A
Lower tip of the heart
3
Q
Pericardium/pericardial sac
A
Double walled membrane is sacs that encloses the heart
4
Q
Parietal pericardium
A
Fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
5
Q
Pericardial fluid
A
Acts as a lubricant To prevent friction as the heartbeats
6
Q
Visceral pericardium
A
Inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart
7
Q
Epicardium
A
External layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium
8
Q
Myocardium
A
At all and thickest of the hearts three layers consist of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of constant contraction and relaxation of pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood
9
Q
Endocardium
A
The inner lining of the heart surface that comes in direct contact with the blood
10
Q
Coronary arteries
A
Supply oxygen rich blood to the myocardium
11
Q
Atria
A
Upper two chambers of the heart receiving chambers and all blood enters the heart through these chambers
12
Q
Ventricles
A
Two lower chambers of the heart
13
Q
Tricuspid valve
A
Shows the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
14
Q
Pulmonary semilunar valve
A
Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
15
Q
Mitro valve
A
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle
16
Q
Aortic semilunar valve
A
Located between the left ventricle and the aorta
17
Q
Pulmonary circulation
A
Flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
18
Q
Pulmonary arteries
A
Carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle into the lungs
19
Q
Pulmonary veins
A
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left left atrium of the heart
20
Q
Systemic circulation
A
Includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the long test blood flows out of the left ventricle into the arterial circulation veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
21
Q
Conduction system
A
Electrical impulses are controlled by the Sinoartial node atrioventricle node and bundle of his
22
Q
Sino atrial node
A
Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
23
Q
What is the natural pacemaker of the heart
A
Sinoatrial node
24
Q
Atrioventricle node
A
Located on the floor of the right atrium near the inter at rail septum
25
Bundle of his
Group of fibers located with in the interventricular septum fibers Carry an electrical impulse to for the sequence of Heart contractions
26
Purkinje fibers
Specialized conductor fiber is located within the walls of the ventricles relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricle is the stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract
27
P-wave
Due to stimulation of the atria
28
QRS complex
Shows the stimulation of the ventricles
29
T Wave
Recovery of the ventricles
30
Arteries
Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
31
Aorta
Artist but I sought in the body begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms and main trunk of the Arterial system
32
Carotid arteries
Major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
33
Internal carotid artery
Brings oxygen rich blood to the brain
34
External carotid artery
Brings blood to the face
35
Arterioles
Waller there are branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
36
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels in the body form networks that expanded vascular beds that have been important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells of the tissue
37
Veins
Low pressure collecting system to return oxygen poor blood to the heart
38
Venules
The smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
39
Superficial veins
Located near the body surface
40
Deep veins
Located within the tissues and away from your body surface
41
Veenee cavae
Two largest beans in the body these are the veins that return blood into the heart
42
Superior vena cava
Transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
43
Inferior vena cava
Transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
44
Pulse
Rhythmic pressure against the wall of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
45
Blood pressure
Measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
46
Systolic pressures
Occurs when the ventricles contract is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery
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Diastolic pressure
Occurs when the ventricles are relaxed is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
48
Contents of blood
55% plasma and 45% of formed elements
49
Plasma
Straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients hormones and waste products is 91% water
50
Serum
As my fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed
51
Fibrinogen and prothrombin
Clotting proteins found in plasma
52
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying blood proteins pigment of the earth erythrocytes
53
Neutrophils
Found in red bone marrow are the most common type of Blood cells
54
Basophils
Warm and red bone marrow least common type of WBC responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies
55
Eosinophils
Destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
56
Lymphocytes
Sing in red bone marrow when fluid in spleen identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies
57
Monocytes
Phone and red bone marrow Lymph nodes and spleen provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
58
Thrombocytes/platelets
Smallest formed elements of the blood important role in clotting of blood
59
Blood gases
Gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood such as oxygen carbon dioxide and nitrogen
60
Cardiologist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating Melodies diseases and disorders of the heart
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Hematologist
Mission he specializes in diagnosing and treating Abnormalities diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
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Vascular surgeon
Physician who specializes in the diagnosis medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
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Coronary artery disease/coronary heart disease/ischemic heart disease
Artherosclerosis The coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscles can cause a heart attack
64
Artherosclerosis
Running and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
65
Black
How do you deposit similar to the build up of rust inside a pipe
66
Lumen
Opening within these vessel through which the blood flows
67
Artheroma
Deposit a plaque on Or within the arterial wall
68
Ischemia
Condition in which there is an in sufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted bloodflow to a part of the body
69
Angina/angina Pectoris
Condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
70
Stable angina
Occurs during exertion and resolves with rest
71
Unstable angina
Occur either during exertion or rest and as a precursor to mycardial infarction
72
Myocardial infarction/Heart attack
The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
73
Heart failure/congestive heart failure
Chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives
74
Left sided heart failure/pulmonary edema
Occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body
75
Right sided heart failure
Of her because the right side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body often the result of left-sided heart failure first noticeable in the feet and leg
76
Cardiomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as a heart in larges in an effort to compensate or decreased pumping ability
77
Carditis
Inflammation of the heart
78
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
79
Bacterial endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood stream
80
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
81
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection
82
Cardiomyopathy
Are used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
83
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
84
Heart murmur
Abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels
85
Valvulitis
Inflammation of a heart valve
86
Valvular prolapse
Abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the in ability of the valve to close completely
87
Valvular stenosis
Condition in which there is narrowing Stephanie thickening or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
88
Arrhythmia
Loss of the normal rhythm of the heart beat
89
Asystole/flat line
Complete lack of electrical activity in the heart lack of hard contractions with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body
90
Cardiac arrest
Event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood
91
Sudden cardiac death
Results and treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
92
Heart block
Congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricle
93
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow resting heart rate less than 60 bpm
94
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm
95
Supraventricular tachycardia
Episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid in regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular node
96
Ventricular tachycardia
Very rapid heart rate that begins with in the ventricles potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body
97
Fibrillation
Describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat
98
Atrial Fibrillation
Most common type of tachycardia occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria or replaced by rapid uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall
99
Ventricular fibrillation/V fib
Rapid irregular and useless contractions of the ventricles instead of pumping strongly the heart muscles quivers and effectively
100
Palpitations
Pending or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm
101
Vasculitis
Inflammation of blood vessels
102
Polyarteritis
Form of a vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
103
Temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis
Former vasculitis that can cause headaches visual impairment job pain and other symptoms biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells
104
Angiostenosis
Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
105
Hemangioma
Benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
106
Hypoperfusion
Fission C of blood passing through an organ or body part
107
Aneurysm
Look like a weak spot or balloon like enlargement of the wall of an artery
108
Arteriosclerosis
Characterized by taking and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
109
Arteriostenosis
Normal narrowing of an artery or arteries
110
Chronic venous insufficiency
Condition in which venous circulation is in adequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves
111
Phlebitis/thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
112
Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the Superficial veins of the legs
113
Thrombosis
Normal condition of having a thrombus
114
Thrombus
Blood clot attached to the end to your wall of an artery or vein
115
Thrombotic occlusion
Blocking of an artery by a thrombus
116
Coronary thrombosis
Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
117
Deep vein thrombosis
Condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of deep vein
118
Embolism
Sudden blockage of a blood vessel fine embolus
119
Embolus
Foreign object circulating in the blood
120
Peripheral vascular disease
Disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain
121
Raynaud’s disease
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
122
Blood dyscrasia
Any pathological condition of the cellular elements of the blood
123
Hemochromatosis
Genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
124
Leukopenia
Decrease in the number of disease fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood
125
Polycythemia
Abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of the cells by the bone marrow
126
Sepsis
Infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream
127
Thrombocytopenia
Condition in which there is an abnormally small number plate with circulating in the blood
128
Thrombocytosis
Abnormal increase in the number of platelets circulating in the blood
129
Cholesterol
Fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
130
Hyperlipidemia
General term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
131
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
132
Leukemia
Cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes
133
Anemia
Lower than normal number of red blood cells and blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath
134
Aplastic anemia
Characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
135
Megaloblastic anemia
Anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
136
Pernicious anemia
Caused by the lack of proteins intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb B12
137
Hemolytic anemia
Characterized by an adequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
138
Sickle cell anemia
Serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin Resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal circle shape
139
Thalassemia
Heritage blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
140
Hypertension/high blood pressure
Elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
141
Secondary hypertension
Caused by a different medical problems such as a kidney disorder
142
Malignant hypertension
Characterized by very high blood pressure can be fatal and is usually accompanied by damage to the organs to the brain the optic nerve or failure of the heart and kidneys
143
Hypotension
Lower than normal arterial blood pressure
144
Orthostatic hypotension
Blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
145
Angiography
X-ray study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
146
Cardiac catheterization
Diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is past into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
147
Digital subtraction angiography
Uses angiography with Computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by subtracting the soft tissue and bones from the image
148
Duplex ultrasound
Diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and flow of blood through these vessels uses diagnostic ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound
149
Venography
Radiographic test that provides an image of specific things after a contrast dye is injected
150
Electrocardiography
Noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
151
Holter monitor
Portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continually monitor the heart rate and rhythm is over 24 or 48 hour.
152
Stress test
Performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress
153
Thallium stress test
Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of Valium into the bloodstream if it is not taking up equally but all heart muscle cells it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart
154
Antihypertensive
administered to lower blood pressure
155
Ace inhibitor
Blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension this reduces the blood pressure
156
Beta blocker
Reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat
157
Calcium channel blocker agents
I’ll see heart and blood vessels to relax you seen the movement of calcium into the cells of the structures
158
Diuretic
Administer to stimulate The kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
159
Antiarrythmic
Medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
160
Anticoagulant
Both coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
161
Coumadin/warfarin
Anticoagulant admeasure to rent blood clots from forming a growing larger
162
Heparin
Injection or IV solution anticoagulant
163
Aspirin
Maybe recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot
164
Cholesterol lowering drugs
Used to come back and hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
165
Digitalis/digoxin
Strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle slows the heart rate and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
166
Thrombolytic/clot busting drug
Dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up
167
Tissue plasminogen activator
Thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke
168
Vasoconstrictor
Causes blood vessels to narrow include antihistamines and decongestants
169
Vasodilator
Causes blood vessels to expand
170
Nitroglycerin
Vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart
171
Angioplasty
Technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
172
Percutaneous Transluminal coronary angioplasty
Procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is you should open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening a plaque deposit in stretching the lumen
173
Laser angioplasty
Involves a laser on the end of a catheter which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit
174
Stand
Wire mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been open
175
ReStenosis
Describe the condition when an artery that has been open by angioplasty closes again
176
Atherectomy
Surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
177
Carotid endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
178
Coronary artery bypass graft
Operation that requires opening the chest a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery
179
Emily invasive coronary artery bypass/ Keyhole/ buttonhole bypass
Alternative technique for some bypass patients procedures performed with the aid of fiber optic camera through a small opening between the ribs
180
Defibrillation
Use of electrical shock to restore the hearts normal rhythm
181
Automated external defibrillator
Designed for use by non-professionals in emergency situations automatically samples the electrical for those of the heart
182
Artificial pacemaker
Primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat
183
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Double action pacemaker constantly regulate the heartbeat to in sure that the heart does not beat you slowly if dangerous destruction of the heart rhythm occurs it acts as an automatic defibrillator
184
Cardiac ablation
Procedure that uses radio frequency energy or cryoablation to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering in a normal heart rhythm
185
Valvuloplasty
Surgical repair of a heart valve
186
Heart valve replacement
Surgery to replace one of the hearts four valves
187
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
A fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through catheter after it is expanded within the defective valve it takes over the function of the valve
188
Cardio pulmonary Resurrection
See procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
189
Aneurysmectomy
Surgical removal of an aneurysm
190
Aneurysmorrhaphy
Surgical suturing of an aneurysm
191
Aneurysm clipping
Surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck
192
Arteriectomy
Surgical removal of part of an artery
193
Hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding
194
Plasmapheresis
Removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood cellular elements the red blood cells and platelets are suspended in Saline or plasma substitute and return to the circulatory system
