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BIO 241 [Exam #2] > Chapter 5 - Cell Respiration and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Cell Respiration and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two types of metabolism and how are they different from each other?

A

-** catabolic metabolism**: breaking down

-** anabolic metabolism**: building up

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2
Q

What must you do to a high-energy compound in order to obtain energy from it?

A

break down the bonds between C-C or C-H bonds

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3
Q

Name a major example of a useful form of energy

A

ATP (and heat)

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4
Q

Define cellular respiration and include what types of nutrients get broken down. Also, include what gets produced at the end of the breakdown of these nutrients.

A
  • cellular respiration: set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in cells to convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products
  • nutrients that get broken down: glucose (carb), fats
  • end product after breakdown: energy in the form of ATP
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5
Q

Why do cells need to produce ATP?

A

to perform cellular work

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6
Q

What are the two types of cellular respiration? Briefly describe them

A
  • aerobic cellular respiration: with oxygen
  • anaerobic cellular respiration: without oxygen
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7
Q

What are some examples of cellular work? Describe them

A

CTM

  • chemical work: synthesize and breakdown molecules chemical reactions
  • transport work: movement of material across cell membrane (against diffusion)
  • mechanical work: contraction of muscle cells
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8
Q

Write the chemical equation of aerobic cellular respiration.

Which is the specific high energy molecule that gets broken down during cellular respiration?

A

glucose + O2 ->->-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E (atp)

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9
Q

In order to perform cellular work, where does the original source of energy come from?

Give examples of these sources. Which is the main one we focus on?

A

the breakdown of high-energy compounds (breaking bonds) release energy in the form of ATP

ex: glucose and fats

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10
Q

Regarding the structure of ATP, explain why it is high in energy.

A

There are lots of high-energy bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP, therefore there is a release of high energy

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11
Q

How does ATP help to perform cellular work?

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi + E

A phosphate group from ATP is cleaved which produces ADP, Pi, and energy. The energy is used for cellular work

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12
Q

What are the 2 locations in the cell where cellular respiration occurs?

Where does it occur mostly in?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
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13
Q

In what form(s) of transport is glucose able to enter the cell?

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • secondary active transport
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14
Q

If COMPLETE breakdown of glucose requires _______ as the final _________ __________ -> aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen

electron acceptor

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15
Q

Explain why it is better for the breakdown of glucose to occur in small, controlled steps vs. all at once (in one step

A

to keep the energy release manageable; you do not want all the energy to be released at once or else it would be a waste

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16
Q

What are the main stages of aerobic cellular respiration in order?

Which stage do both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration undergo?

A

1.Glycolysis
2. Oxidative Decarboxylation (Acetyl-CoA formation)
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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17
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

What stage of (aerobic and anaerobic) cellular respiration does glycolysis occur?

What is being broken down in glycolysis?

A
  • first stage
  • break down of one glucose molecule through a series of 9 chemical reactions
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19
Q

What are the reactants and NET products of glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi ->->-> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net)

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20
Q

In glycolysis, a total of 4 ATP is made. Explain why there is a final product of only 2 ATP.

A

2 ATP is used in the early step of glycolysis. Therefore,

4ATP (made) - 2ATP (used) = 2 ATP (net)

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21
Q

In glycolysis,

Where in the process is ATP used?

Where in the process is ATP made?

Where in the process is NADH made?

A
  • ATP used in early rxn (2 ATP used)
  • ATP made in later rxn (4 ATP made)
  • NADH is made in the later rxn
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22
Q

What is NADH?

A
  • high energy molecule; electron carrier
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23
Q

The potential high energy in _______ (and _________) is converted to ______ during cellular respiration

A

NADH

FADH2

ATP

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24
Q

Why does the breakdown of 1 glucose lead to the production of 2 pyruvates

A

Glucose is a 6-carbon compound, and pyruvates are 3-carbon compounds. Therefore, only 2 pyruvates can be made.

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25
Q

Glycolysis can occur in the ______ or ______ of O2

A

presense

absense

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26
Q

When will anaerobic cellular respiration take place?

A

when there is no O2 to complete the breakdown of glucose

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27
Q

Under what condition does lactic acid/fermentation occur, and what is the chemical reaction for it?

Where in the cell does it occur?

for chemical reaction refer to slide #10 of Ch. 5 slides

A
  • occurs when there is NO O2 to break down the glucose; NADH will give its electrons to pyruvate (pyruvic acid) -> regeneration of NAD -> pyruvate (pyruvic acid) to lactate (lactic acid)
  • cytoplasm; can occur in skeletal muscle cells
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28
Q

Explain why you may feel pain and muscle fatigue in terms of cellular respiration.

A

The body naturally wants to go through aerobic cellular respiration to produce max ATP, but anaerobic cellular respiration takes over when there is “no more” O2. After glycolysis, it will go toward the lactic acid/fermentation pathway and excessive lactic acid will form in skeletal muscles. This is what leads to pain and muscle fatigue

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29
Q

Identify the main stages of anaerobic cellular respiration in order

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Lactic Acid/Fermentation pathway
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30
Q

What is the net production for anaerobic cellular respiration

A

2 ATP (from glycolysis)
2 Lactate (lactic acid)
2 NAD

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31
Q

What is the net production (from the breakdown of 1 glucose) of lactic acid fermentation?

A
  • 2 Lactate (lactic acid)
  • 2 NAD
32
Q

What cellular respiration stage can pyruvate enter in the presence of O2?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation (AKA acetyl-CoA formation)

33
Q

Where does oxidative decarboxylation (acetyl-CoA formation) take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

34
Q

What is the chemical reaction in oxidative decarboxylation?

A

Pyruvate + CoA ——-PDH———> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH

Check slide #12 for Ch. 5 for drawing

35
Q

Why can’t oxidative decarboxylation take place in the cytoplasm?

A

in order to make acetly-CoA, pyruvate MUST combine with CoA (coenzyme A).

CoA and PDH s only found in the mitochondria matrix, therefore pyruvate must enter the matrix in order for oxidative decarboxylation to take place

36
Q

True or False: Pyruvate remains in the cytoplasm in order to begin oxidative decarboxylation

A

False, pyruvate must enter the mitochondrial matrix in order to begin oxidative decarboxylation.

37
Q

Describe IN DETAIL the ENTIRE process in which pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA (include the movement)

A
  1. Pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and crosses the outer mitochondria membrane via facilitated diffusion (high -> low) by an outer membrane channel
  2. Enters intermembranous space
  3. Crosses inner mitochondrial membrane via secondary active transport using a H+/Pyruvate symporter; H+ moves into the matrix (H->L) which pyruvate simultaneously moves into the matrix (L->H)
  4. Enters matrix
  5. Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated (removal of carboxyl; COOH group)
  6. CO2 released
  7. Pyruvate fragment combine with CoA
  8. NAD turns into NADH and PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) enzyme is used
  9. acetyl-CoA is formed
38
Q

As pyruvate begins to move into the matrix explain:

What is the concentration of pyruvate in the cytoplasm?

What is the concentration of pyruvate in the inner membrane space?

What is the concentration of H+ in the inner membrane space?

What is the concentration of H+ in the matrix?

What is the concentration of pyruvate in the matrix?

A
  • Pyruvate in cytoplasm: high
  • Pyruvate in intermembranous spcae: low
  • H+ in intermembranous space: high
  • H+ in matrix: low
  • pyruvate in matrix: high
39
Q

What enzyme is used in lactic acid fermentation?

A

LDH - lactate dehydrogenase

40
Q

What enzyme is used in oxidative decarboxylation/acetyl-CoA formation?

A

PDH - pyruvate dehydrogenase

41
Q

Where in the mitochondrion are Coenzyme A & PDH normally located?

A

The matrix of the mitochondrion

42
Q

What is the net production of oxidative decarboxylation?

A
  • 2 acetyl-CoA
  • 2 CO2
  • 2NADH
43
Q

What stage of aerobic cellular respiration DOES NOT make ATP?

A

oxidative decarboxylation

44
Q

Acetyl-CoA can be used to _________ different cycles or to ______ other compounds

A

enter
generate

45
Q

If _____ is needed, acetyl CoA enters the ______ _______

A

ATP

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

46
Q

What cellular respiration stage can acetyl-CoA enter in the presence of O2?

A

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

47
Q

The Krebs Cycle is also known as the…

A

Citric Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

48
Q

Why is the citric acid cycle called a “cycle?” Where in the cell does this cycle take place?

A
  • called “cycle” bc citric acid gets made again
  • occurs in the mitochondrial matrix bc acetyl-CoA is present there
49
Q

Would the krebs/citric acid cycle be able to run if acetyl CoA was never formed in the mitochondrial matrix? Why or why not

A

No, because actetyl CoA is the starting material and must be in the matrix for the krebs cycle to occur

50
Q

What compound is made from the breakdown of acetyl-CoA (at the end of this cycle)?

A

oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

51
Q

Describe the krebs/citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA (formed through oxidative decarboxylation) is the starting material and eventually produces oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

citric acid is made in the first chemical reaction and acetyl CoA combines with OAA to produce citric acid ->->-> OAA

52
Q

Since glycolysis produces ____ pyruvates, the citric acid cycle goes _____ for each glucose that started the process

A

2

twice

53
Q

What is the net production (from the breakdown of 1 glucose) of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 6 NADH

(Each cycle produces, 3NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 2CO2)

54
Q

How many NADHs, FADH2, ATPs, and CO2 have been made up through the end of the citric acid cycle?

A

10 NADH (2 glyc, 2oxi.decarbox, 6krebs)
2 FADH2 (krebs)
4 ATP (2glyc, 2krebs)
6 CO2 (2oxi.decarbox, 4krebs)

55
Q

What does citric acid consist of?

A

Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA)

56
Q

Describe the electron transport chain, ETC

A

series of protein complexes and other molecules in the folds (cristae; IM) of the mitochondria that transfer electrons from electron donors/ carriers to electron acceptors.

57
Q

In the electron transport chain, ETC, what are your protein complexes?

Who are your electron donors?

Who is the final electron acceptor?

A

Complex I, II, III, IV

Electron donors: NADH, FADH2

Final electron acceptor: O2

58
Q

In the ETC, which complexes do the electron donors transfer electrons to?

A

NADH transfers electrons to Complex I

FADH2 transfers electrons to Complex II

59
Q

Which complexes function as H+ pumps?

Where are the H+ getting pumped? Identify the concentration.

A

Complexes I, III, IV (NOT II)

H+ getting pumped from the matrix (low) to the inner membrane space (high)

60
Q

By what type of transport are H+ moving when moving from the matrix to the inner membrane space?

A

primary active transport

all pumps are primary AT

61
Q

What is getting pumped in ETC by Complexes I, III, IV

A

H+

62
Q

The H+ ions get pumped from a low concentration in the matrix, to a high concentration in the inner membrane space which creates a ______ _________ _______

A

Proton (H+) Motive Force (PMF)

63
Q

What is PMF?

A

ability to maintain a high concentration of H+ ions in the intermembrane space

64
Q

In ETC, how do Complexes get energy for the H+ pumps to operate?

A

the flow of electrons through the complexes

65
Q

If there is no flow of electrons, will the H+ pumps/Complexes work? Why or why not?

A

No, because the flow of electrons is what gives the complexes energy for the H+ pumps to operate

66
Q

What is the ultimate goal of the electron transport chain, ETC?

A

create PMF

67
Q

Electrons are transferred from Complex IV to ______

A

O2 (final electron carrier)

68
Q

What stage makes the most NET ATP in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

ETC/oxidative phosphorylation

69
Q

Describe what happens during oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • H ions return to the matrix by passive transport (facilitated diffusion) via ATP synthase
  • ATP synthase acts as an: H+ ion channel (H+ ions move from inner membrane space to matrix); enzyme
  • Movement of H+ through channel -> activates enzyme -> catalyzes chemical reaction: ADP + Pi = ATP
    (phosphorylation of ADP)
70
Q

Depending on PMF size, determines how many times _______ ________ ________ and how much _____ ______

A

ATP synthase activated
ATP made

71
Q

What is the net production of ETC/oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32-34 ATP
6H2O

72
Q

Where is ATP synthase found in the mitochondrion, and what its function?

A
  • embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
  • function: act as an H+ ion channel and enzyme (to help make ATP)
73
Q

What activates ATP synthase, and what eventually gets made when it is activated?

A

activated by: flow of H+ ions through channel from inner membrane space to matrix

ADP gets phosphorylated and turns into ATP

74
Q

ETC and ATP synthase activity are tightly ________ ______ that provide energy (ATP) for cellular work

A

coupled systems

75
Q

Why are ETC and ATP synthase considered coupled systems?

A

electron transport in ETC is necessary for ATP production through ATP Synthase

76
Q

What are the mitochondrial poisons that can affect ATP production?

A

CROF

Cyanide: Complex IV inhibitor
Rotone: Complex I inhibitor
Oligomycin: ATP synthase inhibitor (blocks H+ channel)
FCCP (protonophore): makes inner mitochondrial membrane leaky/holes

77
Q

Understand what would happen to ATP production if Complex I – IV, or ATP synthase were inhibited (would ATP concentration increase, decrease, or remain the same?) Inhibition of which one of these structures is worse?

Describe what would happen to PMF, ATP production, how many pumps will work, H2O production.

A

Complex I Inhibited: some PMF ⬇; some decrease in ATP Production; two out of the three PUMPS will work (pump III + IV work); some decrease H2O

Complex II Inhibited: much PMF ⬇; dramatic decrease in ATP production; only 1 Pump works (pump I); no H20 made

Complex III Inhibited: much PMF ⬇; dramatic decrease in ATP production; one pump works (pump I), no H2O made
(similar to blocking complex 2)

Complex IV Inhibited: some PMF ⬇, some decrease in ATP, 2 pumps works, no H2O

Blocking Complex II + Complex III is worse

Blocking ATP Synthase is the worst of it all; no ATP, dramatic increase in PMF, still makes usual amount of water, all pumps working

BIO 241 [Exam #2] (3 decks)

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