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CINE 100 > Chapter 5: Cinematography > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Cinematography Flashcards

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1
Q

Cinematography

A

a general term for all the manipulations of the film strip by the camera in the shooting phase and by the laboratory in the developing phase

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2
Q

The Range of Tonalities

A

the control of the image’s range of tones and shades

tonality is a matter of considering how the light registers on the film

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3
Q

Contrast

A

refers to the comparative difference between the darkest and lightest areas of the frame

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4
Q

What is the function of contrast?

A

contrasts in the image help filmmakers to guide the viewer’s eye to important parts of the frame and to give the shot an emotionally expressive quality

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5
Q

High-Contrast

A

bright white highlights, stark black areas, and a narrow range of shades in between (stark and dramatic)

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6
Q

Low-Contrast

A

intermediate grays or color shades with no true white or black areas (muted emotional states)

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7
Q

What controls contrast?

A

lighting, filters, choice of film stock, laboratory processing, and post-production work

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8
Q

Exposure

A

regulates how much light passes through the camera lens

too dark = underexposed
too bright = overexposed

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9
Q

What is one key function of exposure?

A

it is a crucial way to alter the tonalities in the image

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10
Q

Filters

A

slices of glass or gelatin put in front of the lens of the camera or printer to reduce certain frequencies of light reaching the film

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11
Q

Tinting

A

accomplished by dipping the already-developed film into a bath of dye- the dark areas remain black and gray, while the lighter areas pick up the color

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12
Q

Toning

A

the dye is added during the development of the positive print- darker areas are colored, while lighter portions of the frame remain white or only faintly colored

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13
Q

What is the speed of motion dependent on?

A
  1. the rate at which the film was shot
  2. the rate of projection

both rates are calculated in frames per second

(if the movement is to look accurate on the screen, the rate of shooting should correspond to the rate of projection)

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14
Q

Fast-Motion Effect

A

a film is exposed at fewer frames per second than the projection rate

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15
Q

Slow-Motion Effect

A

the more frames per second shot the slower the screen action will appear

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16
Q

What is the fast-motion effect typically used for?

A

to grab our attention and accelerate the pace, whisking us through a setting to the heart of the action

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17
Q

What is the slow-motion effect typically used for?

A

expressive purposes, to render sports events in detail, to suggest that the action takes place in a dream or fantasy, to convey enormous power, for emphasis- dwelling on a moment of spectacle or high drama

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18
Q

Ramping

A

varying the frame rate during shooting

alters exposure- must be coordinated with lighting

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19
Q

Time-lapse

A

a very low shooting speed is required

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20
Q

High-speed

A

the camera may expose hundreds or thousands of frames per second

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21
Q

What is the function of the freeze-frame effect?

A

can underscore a piece of action or a line of dialogue, suggest a character’s memory, and suggest the story action hasn’t been resolved

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22
Q

Freeze-Frame Effect

A

when a single frame of content shows repeatedly on the screen—”freezing” the action

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23
Q

Perspective

A

a set of spatial relations organized around a viewing point

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24
Q

What does the lens of a photographic camera do?

A

gathers light from the scene and transmits that light onto the flat surface of the film or video chip to form an image that represents size, depth, and other dimensions of the scene

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25
Focal Length
the distance from the center of the lens to the point where the light rays converge to a point of focus on the film
26
What does focal length do?
alters the size and proportions of the things we see, as well as how much depth we perceive in the image
27
Short-Focal-Length Lens
(wide angle) in capturing the wider field, these lenses tend to distort straight lines lying near the edges of the frame, bulging them outward
28
What is the effect of the short-focal-length lens?
exaggerates depth, making figures in the foreground seem unnaturally large and those in the distance seem quite far away
29
Middle-Focal-Length Lens
(normal) seeks to avoid noticeable perspective distortion- horizontal and vertical lines are rendered straight and perpendicular
30
What is the effect of the normal lens?
parallel lines should recede to distant vanishing points; foreground and background should seem neither stretched apart nor squashed together
31
Long-Focal-Length Lens
(telephoto) flattens the space along the camera axis
32
What is the effect of the telephoto lens?
cues for depth and volume are reduced, and the planes seem squashed together- magnifying action at a distance
33
Zoom Lens
to enlarge some part of a shot
34
What is the function of a zoom lens?
resizes what is shown and changes the image's perspective, and can create intriguing deformations of depth and scale
35
Depth of Field
a range of distances within which objects can be photographed in sharp focus, given a certain exposure setting
36
Deep Space
the way the filmmaker has staged the action on several different planes, regardless of whether all of these planes are in focus a matter of mise-en-scene- involving how the scene is arranged
37
Selective Focus
choosing to focus on only one plane and letting the other planes blur often involves focusing on the main character and throwing the surroundings out of focus
38
Deep Focus
use of the camera lens and lighting that keeps objects in both close and distant planes in sharp focus tends to make several areas equally visible
39
Racking Focus
focus can be altered within a shot commonly used to switch our attention between foreground and background, making one plane blurred and another sharp
40
Special Effects
a general term for various photographic manipulations that create fictitious spatial relations in the shot, such as superimposition, matte work, and rear projection
41
Superimposition
images are laid over one another, creating multiple perspectives within the frame created in digital post-production
42
Composite
separately photographed images are blended in a single composition
43
Rear Projection
project footage of a setting onto a screen, then film actors in front of it
44
Matte Work
a matte is a portion of the setting photographed on a strip of film, usually with a part of the frame empty
45
Framing
the use of the edges of the film frame to select and to compose what will be visible onscreen
46
Functions of framing
1. camera position shapes the way we perceive the filmed event 2. the frame defines onscreen and offscreen space 3. creates a vantage point- has a certain distance, angle, and height
47
Aspect Ratio
the ratio of frame width to frame height ex) as image that is twice as wide as it is high is said to be in a 2:1 ratio
48
Academy Ratio
1:37:1 modified to allow room for a soundtrack
49
Masking
in the exhibition, stretches of black fabric that frame the theater screen can be adjusted according to the aspect ration of the film to be projected
50
Anamorphic Process
a spatial lens squeezes the image horizontally, either during filming or in printing
51
Mask
an opaque screen placed in the camera or printer that blocks part of the frame off and changes the shape of the photographed image, leaving part of the frame a solid color
52
Iris
a moving circular mask that opens to reveal or closes to conceal a scene
53
Multiple Frame/Split-Screen Imagery
two or more images, each with its own frame dimensions and shape, appear within the larger frame
54
Camera Position: Angle
straight-on, high, low
55
Camera Position: Level
parallel to the horizon
56
Canted
if the framing is tipped to one side or the other
57
Camera Position: Height
related to camera angle because some angles demand that you position the camera higher or lower than the subject
58
Camera Position: Distance
the framing of the image stations us relatively close to the subject or farther away
59
Extreme Long Shot
the human figure is lost or tiny the framing for landscapes, bird's-eye views of cities, and other vistas
60
Long Shot
figures are more prominent but the background still dominates
61
Medium Long Shot
figures are more prominent but the background still dominates common since they permit a nice balance of figure and surroundings
62
Medium Shot
frames the human body from the waist up- gestures and expressions are more visible
63
Medium Close-Up
frames the body from the chest up
64
Close-Up
traditionally the shot showing just the head, hands, feet, or a small object
65
Extreme Close-Up
singles out a portion of the face or isolates and magnifies an object
66
What is the function of camera distance?
1. framing can stress a narratively important detail 2. camera distance specifies where characters are and how they respond to each other 3. distances and angles form patterns that guide us in building up the story
67
Mobile Framing
allows the filmmaker to change the camera angle, level, height, or distance during the shot usually referred to as camera movement
68
Pan
swivels the camera on a vertical axis onscreen, the pan scans space horizontally, as if the camera is "turning its head" right or left
69
Tilt
rotates the camera on a horizontal axis onscreen, the tilt movement yields the impression of unrolling a space from top to bottom or bottom to top
70
Tracking/Dolly Shot
the camera as a whole changes position, travelling in any direction along the ground- forward, backward, diagonally, in circles, or from side-to-side
71
Crane Shot
the camera moves above ground level- vertically or at some angle forward or back
72
What are the functions of frame mobility?
1. can increase information about the space of the image 2. can make objects seem sharper and more vivid than in stationary framings 3. can give bodies greater solidity 4. a substitute for our movement 5. are often subjective- motivated narratively to represent what a moving character sees
73
Reframing
if a character moves in relation to another character, often the frame will slightly pan or tilt to adjust to the movement
74
What is the relationship between frame mobility and space?
1. different sorts of camera movements create different treatments of space 2. the mobile frame is motivated by the demands of the narration
75
What is the relationship between frame mobility and time?
1. our sense of duration and rhythm is affected by the mobile frame 2. because a camera movement consumes time on screen, it can create an arc of expectation and fulfillment 3. frame velocity can create expressive qualities 4. the filmmaker can pace our understanding of the plot action
76
Long Shot
refers to the apparent distance between camera and object
77
Take
one run of the camera that records a single shot

CINE 100 (7 decks)

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