CHAPTER 5 - Culture, Demographics, and Social Inequality

Question 1

What is culture

Answer 1

shared way of life, beliefs, and practices

Material culture- physical objects ie car in US represents mobility
Non-material culture - social thoughts and ideas ie values
Popular culture - appeals to the masses (radio, tv)
High culture - limited to the elite (ballet, opera)
Dominant culture vs subculture
counterculture- subculture that opposes dominant culture, KKK, Mafia
multiculturalism- pluralism, equal standing for all cultures

Question 2

Define cultural universals

Answer 2

Pattern common to all people, pertain to basic necessities vs cultural differences

Question 3

What is symbolic culture

Answer 3

Symbols that are recognized by the people of the same culture and communicate values and norms of the culture. Help people communicate and understand between each other, i.e. rituals, gestures, signs. Symbols and rituals differ between cultures
Ritual - formalism, tradition, sacral symbolism and performance, white coat ceremony
symbol- cultural representations of reality
language- most powerful symbol, continuity and identify in culture

Question 4

Values

Answer 4

culturally approved concept about right/wrong, desirable/undesirable

Question 5

Beliefs

Answer 5

specific ideas that people feel are true, values support beliefs
how people believe they became ill, how they will be cured
stigmas, traditional medicine, etc.

Question 6

Norms

Answer 6

Rules of social conduct

Question 7

Sociobiology

Answer 7

How biology and evolution affect social behavior. Darwin - some behaviors persist for survival

Question 8

Cultural diffusion

Answer 8

Transfer of cultural elements from one social group to another -ex. kpop
Cultural competence - can interact with people from different cultures
Cultural transmission - passing down to other generations

Question 9

Social change

Answer 9

A change in state that can can be subtle or radical ie revolutions

Question 10

Culture shock

Answer 10

Disorientation due to exposure to new social environments and ways of living
Transition shock - experiencing a change that needs a period of adjustment
Reverse culture shock - returning to initial environment

Question 10

Cultural lag

Answer 10

culture takes time to catch up to technology, causes social problems
nonmaterial culture is more resistant to change than material culture
stem cell research, CRISPR

Question 11

assimilation and amalgamation

Answer 11

assimilation- person’s culture comes to resemble dominant group
amalgamation- majority and minorities combine to form a unique cultural group

Question 12

Sociocultural evolution

Answer 12

How societies and cultures have progressed over time, how minds have evolved.
Ex. modernization and sociobiology

Question 13

Population

Answer 13

Number of people in an area

Question 14

Population growth

Answer 14

populations rise until overpopulation at carrying capacity, then level off to population equilibrium
Attributed to advances in agriculture and medicine
Population growth rate - is the change of the population in a time period
Overpopulation - more ppl than can be sustained
Carrying capacity - total possible population that can be supported
Population equilibrium
Population projections - estimates from mathematical analysis, do not consider unpredicted effects
Population pyramids

Question 15

Birth and death rate

Answer 15

Crude birth rate vs crude death rate - annual birth/death per 1000 10 - 20
Rate of population change - difference between 2 above
Age specific birth rate vs age specific death rates

Question 16

Fertility

Answer 16

General fertility rate - annual number of births per 1000
Total fertility rate - total number of births per woman in her childbearing years
Replacement fertility rate - fert rate at which popul remains balances
Sub-replacement fertility rate- birth rate <death rate = popl wont be sustained
Population lag effect - changes in fert rate not reflected in birth rate until several generations
Population momentum - children from high fert rates periods reproduce

Question 17

Morbidity and mortality

Answer 17

Morbidity - disease
Mortality - deaths
Prevalence - individuals experiencing disease
Incidence - number of new case of disease
Case fatality rate - medicine, deaths due to specific condition
Infant mortality rate - annual dealth per 1000 of infants under 1 year
Life expectancy

Question 18

Migration

Answer 18

nomadism- non-permanent travel
external migration- between countries vs internal migration- within a country
voluntary migration, involuntary migration
Settlers to unsettled areas vs refugees that arrive. Colonization group arrive and dominate
immigration, emigration, reverse migration- return to home
push factor- bad things about place you are leaving (discrimination, genocide)
pull factor- good things about place you are going to

Question 19

Urbanization

Answer 19

decrease in rural population, increase in urban population. Tied to industrialization
social geography- studies spatial distribution of groups
rural flight- decreased emphasis on agriculture causes people to leave rural areas

Question 20

Suburbanization

Answer 20

population growth on fringes of urban areas
urban sprawl- people leaving cities
white flight- white people leaving cities
urban blight- (negative) parts of cities degrade as a result of urban decline, increased poverty and crime there

Question 20

Gentrification

Answer 20

a form of urban renewal, so rich people can move into city
4 components:
1. displacement of lower income residents
2. increase neighborhood stratification
3. expanded tax base
4. less affordable housing

Question 21

Theories of population change

Answer 21

Demographic transition: industrialization causes lower death rates first, then lower birth rates
Malthusian theory- population growth will exceed resource growth, causing a Malthusian catastrophe where population is reduced by famine (Thomas Robert Malthus - population size positive correlated to availability of resources)
positive checks- raise death rate ie disease, war, hunger
preventative checks- lower birth rate ie abstinence, birth control, same-sex relationships
Neo-malthuisianism - population control

Question 22

Demographics

Answer 22

study of human population dynamics
dominant groups- have social power to assign label
minorities- receive differential treatment
New great migration - migration of Blacks due to better relations
age, gender, race, sexual orientation, immigration status

Question 23

Age

Answer 23

age cohorts- group of ppl of same age ir Baby boomers- Generation - people born in the same period population aging- more olders nowadays Ageism - discrimination towards older social aging- individuals experience complex emotional and social changes, affect well-being, Western cultures see aging as undesirable life course theory- biological and social factors earlier in life affect outcomes later in life social significance of aging: 1. rite of passages- take on more personal responsibility, 3. retirement homes vs. caring for parents, 4. dependency ratio- economically dependent members to economically productive members

Question 24

Gender

Answer 24

sex- biological male (XY), female (XX), intersex (XXY, etc.) gender- masculine, feminine gender schema- gender beliefs become socialized gender script- certain behaviors in a certain situation social construction of gender: 1. gender roles- social expectations, gender conditioning is the socialization od gender role 2. gender expression- external manifestations 3. sexism- discrimination based on gender 4. gender segregation- often separated in spaces based on sex, not gender 5. gender fluidity, variant, queer, transexual, non-conforming all describe a spectrum Trnasgender dissonance between biological sex and gender

Question 25

race/ethnicity

Answer 25

race- group shares biological traits ethnicity- group shares cultural, historical experiences you cannot change either social construction of race: 1. external influences shape racial identity 2. ethnicity is not restricted to race 3. racism- dominant group superior to minorities 4. ethnogenesis- tribes separate into independent groups. creation of separate ethnicities racial formation perspective - race is not biological, but constructed through social and economic forces Racialization or ethnicization- dominant group gives racial labels to groups that do not relate to those labels for social control

Question 26

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Answer 26

ethnocentrism- judge by standards of own culture, belief in inherent superiority of one own culture or ethnic group culture relativism- judge by standards of other cultures, an individual beliefs should be understood in terms of that individual's specific culture

Question 27

sexual orientation

Answer 27

sexual orientations: 1. heterosexual- towards opposite gender/sex 2. homosexual- towards same gender/sex 3. bisexual- towards both gender/sex, can be unequal 4. pansexual- towards both gender/sex equally 5. asexual- lack of sexual attraction Kinsey scale- scale of homo (6) to hetero (0) Heterosexism - discrimination based on sexual attraction ie homophobic attitudes Heteronormative beliefs

Question 28

Immigration status

Answer 28

periods of immigration: 1. colonial period- English colonists during 17th, 18th century 2. north Europe in mid-19th century 3. southern and eastern Europe in early 20th century 4. Asia and Latin America in present (in order: Mexico, China, Philippines, India) American dream immigration controls- policies that restrict legal immigration, disadvantages poor migrants social integration- nativity status determines how much social stratification you have experienced Attitudes are more positive towards established migrants than recent migrants

Question 29

Globalization

Answer 29

factors contributing to globalization: 1. telecommunications- speed up connections 2. economic interdependence- some countries have demand for a product without means of production Outsourcing - contracting of third parties for operations (domestic or foreign) consequences: 1. organizations- UN, NGOs fight for international causes 2. terrorism- war on terror 3. civil unrest- collective behavior, civil disorder, social media 4. convergence theory- globalization leads to a united global culture

Question 30

Social movements

Answer 30

Collective response to dissatisfaction that arise when formal means of participation don't address the concerns of the public relative deprivation- do not have resources that they expect for their social position, so pushes people to participate in movement if standard means don't work Division between insiders - who support the cause and outsiders - those who don't

Question 31

social stratification (3)

Answer 31

caste system- lower social mobility, defined by birth class system- some social mobility, birth and merit. Wealth, income, education meritocracy- higher social mobility, merit, myth of opportunity

Question 32

social mobility (3)

Answer 32

vertical mobility- moving up or down in social stratification, usually getting a better/worse job (upward and downward) horizontal mobility- change in occupation or role within group but maintains income, usually getting a different job or getting disability insurance can be intragenerational (difference in class of members of same generation) or intergenerational (difference bt members of dif generation like parents vs children) social reproduction- social inequality is transmitted from generations SES - depends on power, prestige, property. (3 Ps)

Question 33

Capital (3)

Answer 33

physical capital- money, property cultural capital- what you know, education social capital- whom you know, networks

Question 34

class/false consciousness

Answer 34

class consciousness- active awareness of own social class false consciousness- do not recognize class relations 4 classes - upper, middle, working, and lower

Question 35

Intersectionality

Answer 35

how different identities intersect within individuals, producing unique inequalities ex: black and lesbian cannot be analyzed separately

Question 36

Poverty (4)

Answer 36

relative- inability to meet average standard of living defined by society absolute- inability to secure basic necessities of life marginal- due to unemployment Structural - due to social institutions

Question 37

Spatial inequality

Answer 37

Environmental injustice (or env justice) relates to exposure to health risk that affects mostly low income ppl residential segregation: physical separation of groups along race or SES

Question 38

health disparities

Answer 38

socioeconomic gradient in health- SES positively correlates with health, SE gradient in health can be within and between countries gender: 1. men utilize resources less 2. most research is done on male subjects 3. women treated less aggressively - gender bias 4. dosages are for men race: 1. minorities have higher disease risk and lower access to healthcare

Question 39

healthcare accessibility/availability

Answer 39

availability- presence accessibility- obtain