CHAPTER 6 - Social Psychology Flashcards

Question

Culture affects attributions

Answer 1

Western cultures - individualistic attitude thus ppl look for internal attributions for success and failure Eastern Asian cultures - external attribution more predominant, the system is judged more than the individual.

Answer 2

Social perception is how we perceive others (judge/impressions) social cognition is how the brain store information of social perceptions False consensus: we assume that everybody agrees with what we do Projection bias: others have the same beliefs we do

Answer 3

if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” This means that people’s perceptions and definitions of a situation can influence their behavior and the outcomes of that situation, regardless of the objective reality.

Answer 4

Stereotype - oversimplified thoughts Prejudice: thinking - *attitude* (ABCs - affects, behavioral tendencies, cognitions) Discrimination: similar prejudice but this is *action* a certain way towards a group Institutional discrimination: discriminatory practices codified in the procedures of the institutions Affirmative action: give some benefit to underrepresented - ppl argue can cause reverse discrimination ie discrimination against majority Racism: one race is inferior to another

Answer 5

Attitude refers to a person’s mental view or perception of something. ABCs - affect (feelings), behavioral tendencies, cognitions (beliefs) behavior refers to the actions or conduct of an individual

Answer 6

Scapegoats: those that receive the effects of prejudice Stereotypes: are formed from shortcuts our brain takes to organize data based on similarities Illusory correlation: consider everybody from a group to have a characteristic based on a specific case (all black are good in basketball)

Answer 7

Self-fulfilling prophecy: adopting behaviors that reinforce a stereotype. Stereotype threat: fear of confirming a negative stereotype negatively affect performance and reinforce stereotype

Answer 8

Ethnocentrism: judge people based on own culture Cultural relativism: judging other culture based on its own standard

Answer 9

Share similar norms, values and expectations -Primary groups: smaller, emotional, in person, long term. *Expressive functions* ie emotional needs -Secondary group: larger, impersonal, specific reason, short period/ *Instrumental functions* -in-group: individual belongs to (+ stereotypes) -out-group: does not belong (neg stereotypes) -reference group: ppl compare themselves to -group size: dyad/triad more or less stable depending on situation - aggregate: ppl in same space that do not interact (coffee shop) -Category: ppl w similar characteristics that are not tied (all ppl studying for MCAT this year) Bureaucracy: surges from division of labor, administrative body have tasks. Principles --> hierarchy, specialized, predictability, control, efficiency. Cons not flexible -rationalization: completing tasks more efficiently -- McDonalization: rationalization of fast food procedures Iron law of oligarchy: organizations try to be creative/revolutionary but as they grow in complexity become more rigid and less revolutionary oligarchy - rule by the elite

Answer 10

Mere presence: people are simply there in the others presence - effect in performance Social facilitation effect: ppl perform better if the task is well learned, but poorly in new tasks

Answer 11

social loafing- people in groups exert less effort and are less creative than if they were working independently (contrary to social facilitation) Bystander effect: ppl are less responsible when there are others preset

Answer 12

Group intensifies preexisting views of members, average view becomes more accentuated and tend to more extreme version of the opinion -informational influence: ideas that follow the dominant viewpoint emerge more commonly and so others follow the stronger opinions and strengthen them -normative influence: take a more intense opinion than you actually have just bc is socially desirable -Social comparison: evaluating opinions by comparing them to the others

Answer 13

he alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed social desirability- people provide socially acceptable answers in front of others

Answer 14

lose identity and form mob mentality --> lack of self awareness and disconnection increase sense of deindividuation Deindividuation is influenced to occur by: -group size: larger groups -Physical anonymity -arousing activities bystander effect- diffusion of responsibility in Kitty murder, people less likely to receive help the more people there are

Answer 15

desire for harmony and minimize conflict results in members ignoring alternative views and making bad decisions that favor a lider Symptoms: - group optimistic about its capabilities -extreme justification of the opinions and demonization of others - *mindguarding* prevent dissenting opinions from entering the group -pressure to conform

Answer 16

Asch experiment: effects of group pressure ie peer pressure 1. how tall are lines, confederates (part experiment) answer incorrectly 2. influences subjects to conform to wrong answer 3. 1/3 conformed and answered incorrectly vs when answering alone Milgram experiment: 1. learner and teacher roles 2. experiment tells teacher to give shocks 3. 65% administered shocks to highest level, did not questioned authority figure. Obedience decreased when closeness to learner, distant from the authority, and more casual clothes of the authority

Answer 17

-informational social influence: compliance due to need to be right -normative social influence - compliance due to the need to be liked social influences motivate behavior in 3 ways: 1. compliance: desire for rewards and punishment, no private acceptance 2. identification- desire to be in a group, no private acceptance 3. internalization- private acceptance due to values and beliefs

Answer 18

Group size - large Unanimity - all think the same Cohesion - agree with ppl that identify with Status - higher status more influential Accountability - conform in front of others more than private bc held accountable no prior commitment - public commitments lead to conform

Answer 19

1. Statuses: positions within society, can be multiple at the same time. Master status is the one predominant and determines someone's position in society (might not be the preferred one) 1.1 Ascribed statuses are given by society 1.2 Achieved statuses - effort 2. Social Roles: expectations according to status. -role conflict - conflict in expectations for *multiple statuses* held by the same person (gay priest, male nurse) -role strain: conflict in expectation for *single status*. (Homosexual not being gay enough or being too gay) -role exit: taking another role (student to professional) 3. groups 4.Networks: social network a web of social relationships 5. organizations: groups hierarchically structure that meet goals. -utilitarian organizations - members get paid (bussiness) - normative organizations - join based on morality -coercive: no choice of joining (prison)

Answer 20

Emotions have an evolutionary significance to keep us safe Introverts are better at reading emotions and extroverts are easily read. Shapes expression: - Gender - females are better at reading emotions. Some emotions (like anger) might be associated with one gender (masc) Empathy - identify others emotions, women more empathetic. - culture emotions are expressed in dif ways across cultures. -impression management/self presentation: people influence how others see them by managing their own image. -Self handicapping: creating obstacles and excuses to justify poor performance/behavior.

Answer 21

Life is a stage and we play roles when in front of others 1. Front stage: how we present to others 2. back stage: how we really are when not in front of others

Answer 22

1. Attraction: between members of the same species, due to proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity. - Proximity: predictor of friendship. The mere exposure effect is that ppl prefer repeated exposure to same stimuli. Tendency to like those close bc evolution = familiar faces = trusted 2. Aggression: Protective source in animals. Predictors for aggression - genetic, neural (brain areas), biochemical (alcohol). Aggression occur again if it has worked in previous instances. -Frustration aggression principle: when cannot achieve goal, frustration can lead to aggression. -instrumental aggression- goal-oriented, predatory, planned to obtain something else 3. Attachment: interaction is essential for development 4. Social Support: determinant of health, not only human-human

Answer 23

Harlow experiment with baby monkeys showed that they preferred soft cloth surrogate mother over bare wire with bottle mother, shows that attachment to mother is not based on need for food Ainsworth experiment with toddlers showed that securely attached toddlers are happy with mother, cry when she leaves, consoled when she returns

Answer 24

Ainsworth experiment secure attachment- toddlers are happy with mother, cry when she leaves, consoled when she returns ambivalent attachment- toddler cries when mother leaves, remain upset even when she returns avoidant attachment- toddler does nothing when mother leaves or returns, but is internally stressed out indifferent attachment- fluctuates between avoidant and ambivalent

Answer 25

1. foraging- search for food, use observational learning to conserve energy 2. Mating and mate choice- - random mating: all are equally likely to make - genetic diversity, protects against bottle neck and genetic drift -Assortative mating: nonrandom mating where similar organisms mate more frequently. - disassortative mating: negative assortative -- more disparate and different traits mate more frequently 3. inclusive fitness- defined by number of offspring. - Altruistic behavior improve genetic survival by sacrificing self for family 4. game theory- predict behavior of large group of organisms

Answer 26

To change an attitude/behavior. Elements that determine persuasion level of a message: message characteristics- message itself: logic, grammar, length source characteristics- who gives message: expertise, trustworthiness, journal target characteristics- who receives message: self-esteem, intelligence

Answer 27

when people are influence by the contents vs superficial characteristics of speech Cognitive routes persuasion follows -central route- people are persuaded by *content* of argument, motivated to think, longer lasting persuasion. Ppl choose this one when motivated to listen, interested, not distracted. - peripheral route- persuaded by *superficial* characteristics of source, low motivation to think, temporary persuasion

Answer 28

foot-in-the-door- ask for small request first, get compliance, then ask for larger request door-in-the-face- ask for large request first, get denied, then ask for smaller request low-ball technique- gain compliance with lower cost, then changing to a higher cost gain compliance with lower cost, then changing to a higher cost ingratiation technique- gain compliance by gaining personal approval first norm of reciprocity- more likely to comply with request from someone who has done us a favor in the past

Answer 29

Cognition (how we process the environment), memories, experiences influence our behavior. Different than behaviorism where the environment controls us. Social factor influence attitudes reciprocal determinism - interaction between person's behavior, personal factors (motivations, cognitions, personalities), and environment. Individuals and environments interact in three ways: - ppl chose the environment which also shapes them - personalities shape how ppl interpret environment - someone's personality affects the situation to which they react ie treating someone influence how they reciprocate

Answer 30

Nature vs nurture, heredity and experience influence in personality. Phenotype vs genotype Twin studies: MZ - monozygotic twins are identical and 100% genes vs dizygotic 50% identical. Adoption studies - genetic vs environmental relatives. Personalities similar to biological and values similar to adoptive Transgenesis - introduction of an exogenous gene vs knockout - to eliminate Adaptation - some genes turned on/off in certain environments Temperament - genetically predisposed.

Answer 31

Definition - learn from experience, problem solve, adaptation. Theories of intelligence - Francis Galton: biologically/genetically determined. -Alfred Binet: IQ test -Charles Spearman: general intelligence - intelligence quantified by tests and intelligent ppl do well in many things -Raymond Cattell: fluid intelligence (think on your feet) vs crystallized intelligence (ability to apply already learned knowledge ie school) -Howard gardner - 8 different (logical, longuistic, spatial, musical, kinesthesis, naturist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal) Emotional intelligence (own emotions) vs social intelligence intelligence is a social construct determined by cultural context. Heritability and environment influence Intellectual disability - difficulty adapting to daily demands

Answer 32

aka life course approach - how key events in life determine someone's development.

Answer 33

legitimate power- position referent power- charisma expert power- expertise reward power- reward coercive power- punishment

Answer 34

observing social interactions in real social settings

CHAPTER 6 - Social Psychology Flashcards

(58 cards)