Chapter 5; Definition Questions

Question 1

(Of a molecule, especially a protein) Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Answer 1

Amphipathic

Question 2

A type of protein molecule that has had a carbohydrate attached to it.

Answer 2

Glycoprotein

Question 3

Are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

Answer 3

Glycolipid

Question 4

Also called water channels, are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.

Answer 4

Aquaporin

Question 5

Any protein which has a special functional region for the purpose of securing its position within the cellular membrane.

Answer 5

Integral Protein

Question 6

A group of biologically active molecules formed from amino acids which interact with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Answer 6

Peripheral Protein

Question 7

Proteins that transport substances across biological membranes.

Answer 7

Transport Protein

Question 8

A process by which an ion or molecule passes through a cell wall via a concentration gradient, or from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Answer 8

Passive Transport

Question 9

The process of transferring substances into, out of, and between cells, using energy.

Answer 9

Active Transport

Question 10

A physical process that refers to the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration.

Answer 10

Diffusion

Question 11

A type of diffusion, when a substance crosses a semipermeable membrane in order to balance the concentrations of another substance.

Answer 11

Osmosis

Question 12

It has the same concentration of solutes as another solution across a semipermeable membrane.

Answer 12

Isotonic

Question 13

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than other solutions, made of the same solutes.

Answer 13

Hypotonic

Question 14

A greater osmotic pressure than other fluids, and hypertonic solutions have a higher solution concentration than another, more diluted solution.

Answer 14

Hypertonic

Question 15

The active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism’s body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism’s water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.

Answer 15

Osmoregulation

Question 16

Cells are usually in an isotonic solution inside the body, meaning that there is the same concentration of solute and water both inside and outside the cells.

Answer 16

Crenation

Question 17

The bursting of a cell.

Answer 17

Lysis

Question 18

Cells or tissues that are swollen from water uptake.

Answer 18

Turgid

Question 19

They are not plump and swollen but floppy or loose, and cells have drawn in and pulled away from the cell wall.

Answer 19

Flaccid

Question 20

When plant cells lose water after being placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell does.

Answer 20

Plasmolysis

Question 21

A form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient, guided by the presence of another molecule – usually an integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel.

Answer 21

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 22

The difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.

Answer 22

Membrane Potential

Question 23

A gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.

Answer 23

Electrochemical Gradient

Question 24

Primary active transporters that hydrolyze ATP and use the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to transport ions across biological membranes leading to the translocation of net charge across the membrane.

Answer 24

Electrogenic Pump

Question 25

An integral membrane protein pump that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane.

Answer 25

Proton Pump

Question 26

A subcategory of membrane transport proteins (transporters) that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient.

Answer 26

Cotransport

Question 27

A form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell.

Answer 27

Exocytosis

Question 28

A cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.

Answer 28

Endocytosis

Question 29

The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.

Answer 29

Phagocytosis

Question 30

A mode of endocytosis in which small molecules dissolved in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane, resulting in their containment within a small vesicle inside the cell.

Answer 30

Pinocytosis

Question 31

A process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination).

Answer 31

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Question 32

The process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.

Answer 32

Signal Transduction Pathway

Question 33

An ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

Answer 33

Ligand