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Medical Terminology pt 2 > Chapter 5 definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 5 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

define anemia

A

blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of RBC production and hemoglobin, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss

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2
Q

what is aplastic anemia?

A

failure of bone marrow to produce stem cells because it has been damaged by disease, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy; rare but serious

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3
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

deficiency of erythrocytes resulting from inability to absorb vitamin B12 into body

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4
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A

inherited genetic disease of abnormal hemoglobin that produces sickle-shaped erythrocytes resulting in obstruction of normal blood flow

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5
Q

what is thalassemia?

A

group of hereditary anemias characterized by less hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal; Mediterranean people

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6
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; also called angina

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7
Q

define bruit

A

abnormal blowing sound heard on auscultation and caused by turbulent blood flow through an artery

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8
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in legs or thighs

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9
Q

what is embolus?

A

a mass of undissolved matter (blood clot, fatty plaque, air bubble) that becomes lodged in a blood vessel

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10
Q

what is heart block?

A

interference with normal conduction of electrical impulses that control activity of the heart muscle

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11
Q

what is 1st degree heart block?

A

atrioventricular block where atrial electrical impulses are delayed before being conducted to the ventricles

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12
Q

what is 2nd degree heart block?

A

AV block in which occasional electrical impulses from SA node fail to be conducted to the ventricles

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13
Q

what is 3rd degree heart block?

A

AV block in which electrical impulses from atria fail to reach the ventricles (CHB; complete heart block) (treatment is atropine or pacemaker insertion)

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14
Q

what is heart failure? (HF)

A

the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body

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15
Q

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

HF that occurs when blood returning to the heart backs up into the lungs or other parts of body to cause congestion

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16
Q

define hypertension

A

consistently elevated blood pressure (BP) that is higher than 140/90 mm Hg, causing damage to blood vessels and heart

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17
Q

what is ischemia

A

deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue as a result of circulatory obstruction

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18
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?

A

condition in which leaflets of mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole, resulting in backflow of blood

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19
Q

what is a myocardial infarction? (MI)

A

necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of coronary arteries; heart attack

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20
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between pulmonary artery and aorta

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21
Q

what is Raynaud disease?

A

vascular disorder in which fingers and toes become cold, numb, painful, as a result of temporary constriction of blood vessels in the skin

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22
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease?

A

streptococcal infection that causes damages to heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults

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23
Q

what is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A

deficiency of cellular immunity induced by infection with HIV, characterized by increasing susceptibility to infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases

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24
Q

what is a lymphoma?

A

any malignant tumor of lymph nodes or other lymph tissue

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25
what is a Hodgkin lymphoma?
characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue, splenomegaly, and Reed-Sternberg cells
26
what is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
lymphoma that originates in the lymphatic system and develops from lymphocytes
27
what is a Kaposi sarcoma?
malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue
28
what is mononucleosis?
acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by a sore throat, fever, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes
29
what is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by unusual antibodies in the blood that target tissues of the body with a butterfly-shaped rash that appears on the face
30
what is cardiac catheterization?
insertion of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery, usually of an arm or leg to provide evaluation of the heart
31
what are cardiac enzyme studies?
tests that measure levels of enzymes and proteins in blood; the levels increase with an injury to the heart muscle, such as from a heart attack
32
what is echocardiography?
use of ultrasound to evaluate the heart and great vessels and diagnose cardiovascular lesions
33
what is electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)?
creation and study of graphic records (electrocardiograms) produced by electric activity generated by the heart muscle; also called cardiography
34
what is a Holter monitor?
device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings on a portable tape recorder while patient lives day
35
what is a lipid panel?
panel of blood tests measuring cholesterol components to assess the risk of heart disease
36
what is a stress test?
test in which an ECG is recorded under controlled exercise conditions to determine the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)
37
what is a nuclear stress test?
stress test that uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
38
what is troponin I?
a blood test that measures protein released into the blood by a damaged heart muscle
39
define ultrasonography
radiographic procedure in which a small transducer passed over the skin transmits high frequency sound waves that bounce off body
40
what is Doppler?
ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and heart; ultrasonography using sound pitch
41
what is a bone marrow aspiration biopsy?
removal of living bone marrow tissue, usually taken from the sternum or iliac crest, for microscopic examination
42
what is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?
blood test that detects antibodies in the blood, including screening for antibody to HIV
43
what is lymphangiography?
radiographic examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of a contrast medium; used to identify enlarged lymph nodes, lymphomas, blocked lymphatic drainage
44
what is tissue typing?
technique that determines the histocompatibility of tissues used in grafts and transplants
45
define angioplasty
endovascular procedure that widens or opens blocked coronary arteries to restore blood flow to the heart muscle
46
what is a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
angioplasty in which a balloon catheter is inserted and threaded through the femoral or radial artery into the blocked coronary artery because of atherosclerosis
47
what is catheter ablation?
using radiofrequency energy to destroy a small area of heart tissue that is causing arrhythmias
48
what is cardioversion?
delivery of brief discharges of electricity that pass across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia and restore normal sinus rhythm; defibrillation
49
what is a coronary artery bypass graft? (CABG)
bypass surgery that creates new routes around blocked arteries to allow sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
50
what is a defibrillator?
device designed to administer a shock to restore normal SA
51
whats a cardioverter defibrillator?
surgically implanted that automatically detects and corrects fatal arrhythmias
52
what is an automatic external defibrillator?
portable defibrillator that analyzes patient's heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest (CA)
53
what is an endarterectomy?
surgical removal of the lining of an artery
54
what is carotid?
endarterectomy of an occluded carotid artery
55
what is sclerotherapy?
a chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein
56
what is a valvuloplasty?
plastic or restorative surgery on a heart valve to correct a prolapse or stenosis
57
what is a lymphangiectomy?
removal of a lymph vessel
58
what is a bone marrow transplant?
infusion (transplantation) of healthy bone marrow stem cells to stimulate blood cell production once diseased bone marrow is destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy drugs
59
what are anticoagulants?
they prevent blood clot formation
60
what are antiarrhythmics
conteract cardiac arrhythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction system of the heart
61
what are antihypertensives
treat hypertension (high blood pressure)
62
what are beta blockers?
decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors
63
what are diuretics?
block sodium from being absorbed back into blood
64
what are statins?
lower cholesterol levels in blood and reduce production of cholesterol in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
65
define thrombolytics
dissolve blood clots and help prevent damage to the heart muscle
66
what are antivirals?
inhibit development of specific viruses
67
what are immunosuppressants?
suppress the immune response to prevent organ rejection after transplantation or to slow the progression of autoimmune disease

Medical Terminology pt 2 (15 decks)

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