Chapter 5 - Digestion, Absorption, and Transport Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is the purpose of digestion of macronutrients?
to get energy
What form of carbohydrates can be absorbed from the small intestine?
monosaccharides
What form of fats can be absorbed form the small intestine?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
What form of proteins can be absorbed from the small intestine?
amino acids
Does water require digestion?
no, it is easily absorbed
Do vitamins and minerals in general require digestion?
not typically (little to none)
Which sphincter controls the rate of food entering the stomach and why can it’s dysfunction lead to gastroesophageal acid reflux?
the gastroesophageal sphincter; it normally provides a unidirectional flow for food to go in, if it doesn’t function properly food can go back out
Where is the pyloric sphincter and what is it’s role?
at the end of the stomach; it controls the release of food into the duodenum
What three small intestine lining structures are involved in nutrient absorption? How do they help?
gastric folds, vili, and microvilli all act to increase surface area to give more opportunity for absorption
What are lacteals?
lymphatic system vessels
Where are lacteals located?
inside the microvilli of the small intestine
Why are lacteals important for fat absorption and transportation?
chylomicrons containing fat go into the lymph system to travel the body
What is the main absorptive task of the large intestine (colon)?
to absorb water
What is glycogenesis? When is it used in the body?
the creation of glycogen, we use it when we have too much carbohydrate in the body/to store energy
What is lipogenesis? When is it used?
the process turning glucose into fat when excessive glucose is present and glycogen reserves are full
What is gluconeogenesis? When is it used?
using non-glucose sources (like aminos, glycerol, or lactate) to make glucose when the body is in severe need
Give an overview of phenylketonuria (PKU)
1) phenylalanine can’t be converted to tyrosine
2) if untreated, causes brain damage
3) dietary treatment is intensive metabolic counseling
Give an overview of galactosemia
1) missing the enzyme that converts galactose into glucose
2) galactose builds up and can cause cognitive damage, speech problems, and ovarian dysfunction
3) avoid dairy (sources of lactose) to treat this
Give an overview of glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
1) can’t make or break glycogen
2) people can die
3) people need to take corn starch as an energy source
What causes lactose intolerance?
not enough lactase enzyme to break lactose down
