Chapter 5 Divisions of the nervous system/Central and peripheral Nervous systems

Question 1

Anatomical divisions of the nervous system
-Central nervous system
(CNS)

Answer 1

• Brain (cerebrum, subcortical structures, brainstem, and cerebellum)
• Spinal Cord

Question 2

Anatomical divisions of the nervous system
-Peripheral nervous system
(PNS) Final common
pathway

Answer 2

• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
• Sensory receptors

Question 3

Functional divisions of the nervous system

-Autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

Involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion, breathing)
• Sympathetic system (fight or flight)
     o Expends energy
• Parasympathetic system (calms)
     o Conserve energy

Question 4

Functional divisions of the nervous system

-Somatic system

Answer 4

- Voluntary motor control
  • Pyramidal system (Direct)
       o Initiation of voluntary      
           motor acts (open door)
   • Extrapyramidal system    
        (Indirect)
       o Controls background   
           tone and movement to
           support primary motor   
            acts (don't overshoot door knob)

Question 5

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Basic Structures; Gyri

Answer 5

Convolutions

Question 6

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Basic Structures; Sulci

Answer 6

Infoldings

Question 7

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral cortex)
Basic Structures;
Fissure (Sulci- infordings)

Answer 7

Deep pronounced infoldings

Question 8

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Major Landmarks; Central fissure/sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)

Answer 8

• Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobes

Question 9

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Major Landmarks; Lateral fissure/sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

Answer 9

• Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

Question 10

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Major Landmarks; Cerebral longitudinal fissure

Answer 10

• Separates left hemisphere from right hemisphere

• Left
o Linear, analytical, logical,
o Math, science, language formulation

• Right
o Holistic, imaginative, creative o Music, art, language expression

Question 11

Cerebrum Lobes

Frontal lobe

Answer 11

planning, initiation, and inhibition of voluntary motions, and thought processes

Question 12

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Broca’s area

Answer 12

o Speech motor planning
o Dominant (left) hemisphere

Question 13

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus (motor
strip)

Answer 13

o Initiation of voluntary motor movement to contralateral side of body
o Specific portions of the motor strip control specific muscles and structures

Question 14

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Premotor region

Answer 14

Motor planning

Question 15

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Anterior portion of
frontal lobe

Answer 15

o Memory
o Emotion
o Thought processes (reasoning, problem solving,
judging)

not fully developed until 20’s.
poor judgment in teenagers

Question 16

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory strip)

Answer 16

Receives sensory information

Question 17

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobule

Answer 17

Interprets visual, auditory and somatic sensory information

Question 18

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Angular gyrus

Answer 18

o Involved in mathematical calculation
o Reading and writing
impairment may cause Dyslexia and/or
Dysgraphia

Question 19

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus

Answer 19

Phonological development (rhyming and reading
development)

Question 20

Cerebrum Lobes
Temporal lobe
Heschl’s gyrus

Answer 20

Receives auditory information from the ears

Question 21

Cerebrum Lobes
Temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area

Answer 21

o Processes receptive language (comprehension and formulation of spoken language)
o Dominant (left) hemisphere

Question 22

Cerebrum Lobes
Temporal lobe
Aphasia

Answer 22

o Acquired language disorder involving difficulty
producing or comprehending language (spoken
and or written)
o Generally caused by brain damage due to stroke,
trauma, or tumor near Wernicke’s area and/or
Broca’s area o Mild to severe

Question 23

Cerebrum Lobes
Occipital lobe
Calcarine sulcus

Answer 23

Primary reception area for visual information

Question 24

Cerebrum Lobes
   Insular lobe (Insula)

Answer 24

• Deep to the lateral fissure
• It is believed to be involved with speech function, the limbic system (emotion/memory), and visceral function (involuntary/automatic)
• Gustation (taste)

Question 25

Cerebrum Lobes Cortical Connections Projection Fibers

Answer 25

Tracts communicating to and from the cerebral cortex (brainstem and spinal cord)

Question 26

Cerebrum Lobes Cortical Connections Association Fibers

Answer 26

• Communicating fibers between regions of the same hemisphere o Short association fibers: connect neurons of one gyrus to the next gyrus o Long association fibers: connect the lobes of the brain in the same hemisphere ****Arcuate fasciculus****** • Connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

Question 27

Cerebrum Lobes Cortical Connections Commissural Fibers

Answer 27

Communicating fibers between the right and left hemispheres o Corpus Callosum Angenesis of the Corpus Callosum – birth defect in which the corpus callosum is not fully formed or is only partially formed.

Question 28

Subcortical Areas of the Brian Limbic System Functions

Answer 28

Involved in motivation, emotion, memory, reproduction, feeding behavior, and olfaction

Question 29

Subcortical Areas of the Brian Limbic System Important structures for communication: Hippocampus

Answer 29

o Learning and memory o Transfers memories from short term to long term memory

Question 30

Subcortical Areas of the Brian Limbic System Important structures for communication: Amygdala

Answer 30

o Involved in ascribing emotion to events and behaviors o Also aids in memory building

Question 31

Subcortical Areas of the Brian Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia) Structures

Answer 31

``` • Caudate nucleus • Globus pallidus • Putamen • Substantia nigra o Contains dopamine neurotransmitters ```

Question 32

Subcortical Areas of the Brian Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia) Functions

Answer 32

* Regulates motor control for posture, balance, and background muscle tone * Control of precise voluntary movements through inhibition (helps to refine and smooth movements)

Question 33

Subcortical Areas of the Brian | Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 33

- Neuromuscular disease -Degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra - A few symptoms • Slowness of voluntary movements • Trembling of hand at rest • Decreased facial expression and monotone speech • Shuffling gait • Swallowing problems (dysphasia)

Question 34

Subcortical Areas of the Brian | Thalamus

Answer 34

Function • Relay station o All information traveling to the cerebral cortex (except olfaction) passes through the thalamus o Sorts and interprets information and decides which signal should be transmitted to the cerebrum

Question 35

Subcortical Areas of the Brian | Hypothalamus

Answer 35

Function • Involved in sensory and motor control of visceral functions • Regulates hormonal function, body temperature, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, blood pressure and other functions

Question 36

Cerebellum

Answer 36

Function - Regulate posture and coordination • Coordinates motor commands with sensory inputs to control movements o Rate o Range o Force - Ataxia o Without coordination o Caused by infections, injuries, degenerative diseases that affect the cerebellum o May cause coordination impairment in writing, walking, speech and swallowing

Question 37

Brainstem | Function

Answer 37

- Responsible for basic body functions to maintain life • Site of many reflexes involved in respiration, swallowing and digestion ----Origin of cranial nerves -Pathway between cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord

Question 38

Brainstem Structures Midbrain

Answer 38

• Contains cerebral peduncles (large bundle of nerve pathways) that provide communication to and from the cerebrum o Corticospinal tract Projects muscle control to extremities o Corticonuclear tract (corticobulbar) Project muscle control to cranial nerves

Question 39

Brainstem Structures Midbrain Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Answer 39

o Degenerative disease of the nervous system o Causes muscle atrophy in the muscles of the extremities, trunk, mouth and face - Corticospinal involvement symptoms will show up in fine motor movements of the extremities first - Corticonuclear (bulbar) involvement will show up in speech and swallowing first

Question 40

Brainstem Structures Pons

Answer 40

• Bridge to connect cerebellum and the rest of the nervous system • Contains olivary complex o Aid in localization of sound and noise reduction

Question 41

Brainstem Structures Medulla

Answer 41

• Pyramids o Location where cerebral motor commands cross (decussate) from one side of the body to the contralateral side (opposite side) of the body

Question 42

Brainstem Structures Medulla Unilateral motor impairment

Answer 42

o Muscle paresis (weakness) or paralysis (loss of muscle control on one side of the body o Neurological damage is on the opposite side of the brain

Question 43

Spinal Cord Structures Central canal

Answer 43

cerebral spinal fluid

Question 44

Spinal Cord Structures White matter

Answer 44

contain sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) pathways * Sensory (afferent) pathways – transmit information about pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the thalamus, cerebrum, and cerebellum * Motor (efferent) pathways

Question 45

Spinal Cord Structures Gray matter

Answer 45

site of neuron synapse • Dorsal (posterior) horn (root) – afferent (sensory) information • Ventral (anterior) horn (root) – efferent (motor) information

Question 46

Spinal Cord Structures Spinal nerve

Answer 46

Contain both sensory and motor branch o Sensory branch exits the spinal cord at the posterior root o Motor branch enters the spinal cord at the anterior root o The two branches converge outside the spinal cord to form the spinal nerve ``` 31 pairs of spinal nerves o 8 Cervical o 12 Thoracic o 5 Lumbar o 5 Sacral o 1 Coccygeal ``` ``` • Spinal Reflex Arc o Simple stimulus response -Sensory nerve ending receives a stimulus -Sensory information travels to the spinal cord via the posterior horn - Synapse with a connecting neuron within the gray matter -Synapse with a motor neuron in the anterior horn -Information travels along the motor neuron to the neuromuscular junction -Reflexive movement ```