Chapter 5 - Electrons and Bonding Flashcards
(34 cards)
What are shells regarded as?
Energy levels
What happens to the energy level as the number of shells increase?
Energy increases
What is the shell number referred to as?
Principal quantum number
What are shells made up of?
Atomic orbitals
How many electrons can be held in an orbital?
One or two, but no more
How many orbitals does each letter (s, p, d, f) contain?
S - 1
P - 3
D - 5
F - 7
How many electrons can be held in each orbital type?
S - 2
P - 6
D - 10
F - 14
What is the shape of an s-orbital?
Spherical
What is the shape of a p-orbital?
Dumbbell
What are the rules of filling orbitals?
They fill in order of increasing energy
Orbitals with the same energy are occupied singly first, and then pair up with opposite spins. (meaning one arrow up and one arrow down).
Explain where the rule causes confusion for 3d and 4s.
The 4s sub-shell has lower energy than 3d, so the 4s fills before the 3d.
When the 4s fills up it takes higher energy level than 3d, so the 4s loses electrons first.
Explain the rule of electrons pair with opposite spins.
Electrons are negatively charged so they repel each other.
Electrons have spin up or spin down properties
So electrons pair up with opposite spin so that charge repulsion is counteracted and both electrons can be in same orbital.
How can electron figuration be shortened?
Write the previous noble gas plus leftover electrons.
What happens when forming ions in terms of energy sub-shells?
Highest energy sub-shells lose or gain electrons.
What is ionic bonding?
The electrostatic attraction between opposite charged ions.
What forms when ions attract oppositely charged ions in all directions?
Giant ionic lattice
How are melting and boiling points of ionic compounds explained?
High temperatures are required to provide energy sufficient to overcome the strong electrostatic attraction between the ions.
What happens to the melting point of giant ionic lattices when ionic charge increases?
Melting point increases as there is stronger attraction between ions.
Are ionic compounds soluble?
Some are soluble in polar solvents like water because water molecules break down lattice and surround ions.
Some are not soluble because they have high charges so it is harder for water to break the ionic lattice.
What does solubility require?
Ionic lattice must be broken down
Polar solvent must attract and surround each ion.
What does solubility of ionic compounds depend on?
The strength of the attractions within the giant ionic lattice.
The attractions between ions and water molecules.
When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?
They cannot when solid, only when molten or dissolved in water.
Why can’t ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?
The ions are fixed in position so there are no mobile charge carriers.
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water?
The solid ionic lattice breaks down.
The ions are now free to move as mobile charge carriers.
