Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 5 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Endocrine System Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Peptide Hormone

  • made of:
  • charged/nonpolar
  • binds to what type of receptor?
  • first/second messenger
  • slow/fast acting?
A
  • amino acids
  • charged (cant pass through plasma membrane)
  • extracellular
  • first messenger
  • fast acting short lived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Steroid Hormone

  • made of:
  • charged/nonpolar
  • binds to what type of receptor?
  • slow/fast acting
  • travel through blood stream unattended?
A
  • Cholesterol derivative
  • Nonpolar (can cross cell membrane)
  • intracellular/intranuclear
  • slow long lasting
  • needs carrier protein to travel through bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Amino Acid Hormone

  • made of:
  • charged/nonpolar
  • binds to what type of receptor?
  • First/second messenger
A
  • 1/2 AA’s c modifications

- varies hormone to hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Direct hormone

A

Directly acts on target tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tropic Hormone

-Normally released from?

A

Requires intermediary (normally released by brain/anterior pituitary)

Brain/Anterior Pituitary Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (testes/ovaries), pineal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypothalamus bridges what two systems?

How:

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

Regulates pituitary gland through tropic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

In the forebrain

Above pituitary gland/below the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypothalamus controls what other endocrine organ?

A

Pituitary: through paracrine hormone release into a hypophyseal portal system that connects the two organs (anterior pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), GHRH,TRH(thyroid releasing hormone),CRF (Corticotropin releasing factor),

PIF (prolactin inhibiting factor) dopamine causes decrease in prolactin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Four pea sized structurrs on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituirary?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormones are produced by the Thyroid

A

C cells- (parafollicular cells) Calcitonin

T cells-(follicular cells) T3, T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormones are produced by parathyroids?

A

Parathyroid horme PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A

Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (gamma cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What hormone is produced from the testes?

A

Secreted from the tesis and adrenal cortex

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What hormone is produced by the ovary

A

*ovary and the placenta

Estrogen

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What hormones are produced by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What hormone is released by the kidney?

A

Erythropoeitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormone is produced by the heart?

What part of the heart produces it?

A

Atrial natriuertic peptide (ANP)

Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What hormone is produced by the thymus?
Thymosin
26
FSH - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
- anterior pituitary - peptide - Stimulates follicle maturation in females, spermatogenesis in males
27
LH - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Anterior pituitary Peptide Stimulates ovulation in females, testosterone synthesis in males
28
``` ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action ```
Anterior pituitary Peptide Stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids 
29
TSH - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Anterior pituitary Peptide Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
30
Prolactin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Anterior pituitary Peptide Stimulates milk production and secretion
31
Endorphins - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Anterior pituitary Peptide Decrease sensation of pain can promote euphoria
32
Growth Hormone - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Anterior pituitary Peptide Stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels (Prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues and stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids)
33
``` ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action ```
Poterior pituitary Peptide Secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of the collecting duct
34
Oxytocin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Posterior pituitary Peptide Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior Positive feedback loop
35
T3/T4 - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Throid (follicular cells) Amino acid derivative Stimulates metabolic activity Increased amounts of T3 and T4 will lead to increase cellular respiration. Which in turn leads to increased protein and fatty acid turnover by speeding above synthesis and degradation of these compounds.
36
Calcitonin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Parafollicular (C) cells Peptide Decreased blood calcium concentrations Decreases plasma calcium levels in three ways one: increasing calcium excretion from the kidneys, decrease in calcium absorption from the gut, increasing storage of calcium in the bone.
37
``` PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action ```
Parathyroids Peptide Increases blood calcium concentrations Also promotes phosphorus homeostasis by increasing the reabsorption of phosphate from bone and reducing revolution of phosphate in the kidney period increases phosphate excretion in the urine.
38
``` Glucocorticoids (Cortisol/Cortisone) -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action ```
Adrenal cortex Steroid Increase blood glucose concentrations, decrease protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory and immune response
39
Mineralcorticoid | aldosterone - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Adrenal cortex Steroid Increase water reabsorption in the kidney by increasing sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule; promote potassium and hydrogen ion excretion Plasma osmolarity remains unchanged because water follows solute.
40
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Adrenal medulla Amino acid derivative Increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns
41
Glucagon - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Pancreas (alpha cells) Peptide Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) increases blood glucose concentrations
42
Insulin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Pancreas (beta cells) Peptide Lowers blood glucose concentratoons and promotes anabolic processes (fat/protein synthesis) Induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose and stored as Vicodin for later use
43
Somatostatin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Pancreas (produced in the hypothalamus)  Peptide Supresses secretion of glucagon and insulin. Secretion is stimulated in the presence of high blood glucose and amino acid concentrations. Decreases growth hormone secretion
44
Testosterone - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Testis (adrenal cortex) Steroid Induces the development and maintenance of male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics Testosterone is released from the gonads in response to secretion of LH and FSH. 
45
Estrogen - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Ovary and placenta Steroid Induces the development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics
46
Progesterone - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Ovary and placenta Steroid Promotes maintenance of the endometrium
47
Melatonin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Pineal gland Peptide Helps with the regulation of sleep wake cycles. Involved in circadian rhythms.
48
Erythropoietin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Kidney Peptide Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells)
49
``` ANP Atrial Natriuretic Peptide -released by -peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative -action ```
Heart (atria) Peptide Promotes salt and water excretion. Due to the excretion of sodium increases urine volume. Functionally an antagonist to aldosterone because it lowers blood volume and pressure and has no effect on blood osmolarity.
50
Thymosin - released by - peptide/steroid/amino acid derivative - action
Thymus Peptide Stimulates T Cell Production.
51
What is the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Hypothalamus
52
The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary through _______________ release of hormones into what portal system?
Paracrine Hypophyseal portal system
53
Paracrine
Relating to or denoting a hormone which has a fact only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it
54
Hypophysis
Another name for the pituitary
55
How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary
It releases signals via neurons of the hypothalamus down the pituitary stalk directly into the posterior pituitary
56
What is the role of the thyroid?
Setting basal metabolic rate and promoting calcium homeostasis
57
Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism: characterized by authority, decreased body temperature, slowed respiratory and heart rate, cold intolerance, weight gain. Hyperthyroidism: characterized by heightened activity level, increase body temperature, increase respiratory and heart rate, heat intolerance, weight loss
58
What kind of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
Corticosteroids: glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids cortical sex hormones
59
Function of the corticosteroids
1. Salt (mineralcorticoids) 2. Sex (cortical sex steroid) 3. Sugar (glucocorticoids)
60
The three different types of cells in the pancreas
Alpha-Glucagon Beta-Insulin Delta-Somatostatin
61
Glucagon triggers what processes in the cell?
Glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis degradation of protein and fat
62
Polyuria Polydipsia
Increase frequency of urination Increased thirst Polyuria occurs when glucose crosses the cell membrane into filtrate which leads to excess excretion of water.
63
Type 1 vs Type 2 DM
Type one – insulin dependent. Caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas resulting in low or absent insulin production. Type two- insulin independent. The result of receptor level resistance to the effects of insulin. Partially inherited partially due to environmental factors.

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions