Chapter 5 - Endocrinology & Immunology

Question 1

Steroids

Answer 1

male and female sex hormones

Question 2

cAMP

Answer 2

synthesized within the cytosol of the liver cell

Question 3

Cholera

Answer 3

an intestinal disorder caused by bacteria, toxin binds to active state of the G protein and prevents GTP from being hydrolyzed; adenylate cyclase enzyme is continually active and massive amounts of cAMP are synthesized causing intestinal cells to secrete digestive fluids

Question 4

Gastrin

Answer 4

stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen from stomach in response to stimulation from the vagus nerve and partially digested protein

Question 5

Protein Kinase C

Answer 5

interacts with diacylglycerol (DAG) to stimulate it; help of Ca2+ released from the ER, to phosphorylate an unknown protein which in turn causes HCl secretion into the lumen of the stomach

Question 6

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 6

from thyroid gland, diffuse across plasma membrane into nucleus where they bind with specific receptors

Question 7

Insulin is secreted by:

Answer 7

B cells (beta cells)

Question 8

Glucagon is secreted by:

Answer 8

A cells (alpha cells)

Question 9

What happens if levels of blood glucose levels begin to decrease below some normal value?

Answer 9

A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon (glycogen —> glucose) and fat cells release FAs

Question 10

Mast Cells

Answer 10

contain histamine, dumped into extracellular space to act on endothelial cells causing more permeability to cells like neutrophils

Question 11

Paracrine Regulation

Answer 11

the chemical that acts as a signal is released from one cell and influences a cell immediately adjacent to it

Question 12

Autocrine Regulation

Answer 12

cells release certain chemicals which they can then respond to themselves

Question 13

Posterior pituitary releases:

Answer 13

oxytocin and ADH, both are synthesized in hypothalamus

Question 14

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 14

stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys and also helps to increase the blood volume (pressure)

Question 15

Oxytocin

Answer 15

stimulates female uterine contraction

Question 16

Diuresis

Answer 16

excessive loss of urine

Question 17

Anterior pituitary secretes:

Answer 17

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL)

Question 18

Phagocytes

Answer 18

types: monocytes and neutrophils

Question 19

Monocytes

Answer 19

leave blood thru pores in the blood vessels and enter into the tissues, they can be transformed into macrophages

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

same as monocytes, circulate in blood

Question 21

T lymphocytes

Answer 21

T cells, from thymus gland, responsible for cell-mediated immunity, destroy foreign microorganisms; 3 types: (1) cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells), (2) helper T cells, and (3) suppressor T cells

Question 22

B Lymphocytes

Answer 22

circulate in blood and to lymph organs (spleen and lymph nodes), responsible for humoral mediated immunity, B cells can differentiate into plasma cells that can secrete antibodies

Question 23

When cytotoxic T cells release growth factor interleukin-2 and macrophages release interleukin-1 and helper T cells release interleukins, what happens?

Answer 23

stimulate the synthesis of more cytotoxic T cells—killer T cells proliferate and bind to invading foreign cells bearing the antigen and induce them to lyse (cell mediated immunity)

Question 24

Class II MHC Proteins

Answer 24

on surface of B lymphocytes, B lymphocytes engulf antigen-antibody complex, degrade it, and transport a portion of antigen to Class II MHC protein

Question 25

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Answer 25

composed of 4 subunits in a Y config. with 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, which are joined together by disulfide bonds

Question 26

Variable (V) Regions

Answer 26

can differ in AA sequence from Ig to Ig

Question 27

IgA

Answer 27

found in milk, helps protect nursing infants

Question 28

IgE

Answer 28

binds to mast cells, involved in allergic reactions

Question 29

IgG

Answer 29

only antibody that can cross the placenta, most abundant, produced within days after IgM antibody is secreted

Question 30

IgM

Answer 30

made a few days after detection of an antigen, it is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

Question 31

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Answer 31

inserts into bacterial cell’s membrane and forms a channel that lets water into the cell—bacterial cell swells with water and lyses

Question 32

T cell receptors

Answer 32

made of 2 polypeptide chains, each with a constant and a variable domain *analogous to Ig structure

Question 33

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Answer 33

composed of 4 subunits in a Y config. with 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, which are joined together by disulfide bonds

Question 34

Variable (V) Regions

Answer 34

can differ in AA sequence from Ig to Ig

Question 35

IgA

Answer 35

found in milk, helps protect nursing infants

Question 36

IgE

Answer 36

binds to mast cells, involved in allergic reactions

Question 37

IgG

Answer 37

only antibody that can cross the placenta, most abundant, produced within days after IgM antibody is secreted

Question 38

IgM

Answer 38

made a few days after detection of an antigen, it is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

Question 39

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Answer 39

inserts into bacterial cell’s membrane and forms a channel that lets water into the cell—bacterial cell swells with water and lyses

Question 40

T cell receptors

Answer 40

made of 2 polypeptide chains, each with a constant and a variable domain *analogous to Ig structure