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Berkeley MCAT Biology > Chapter 5 - Endocrinology & Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Endocrinology & Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Steroids

A

male and female sex hormones

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2
Q

cAMP

A

synthesized within the cytosol of the liver cell

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3
Q

Cholera

A

an intestinal disorder caused by bacteria, toxin binds to active state of the G protein and prevents GTP from being hydrolyzed; adenylate cyclase enzyme is continually active and massive amounts of cAMP are synthesized causing intestinal cells to secrete digestive fluids

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4
Q

Gastrin

A

stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsinogen from stomach in response to stimulation from the vagus nerve and partially digested protein

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5
Q

Protein Kinase C

A

interacts with diacylglycerol (DAG) to stimulate it; help of Ca2+ released from the ER, to phosphorylate an unknown protein which in turn causes HCl secretion into the lumen of the stomach

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6
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

from thyroid gland, diffuse across plasma membrane into nucleus where they bind with specific receptors

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7
Q

Insulin is secreted by:

A

B cells (beta cells)

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8
Q

Glucagon is secreted by:

A

A cells (alpha cells)

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9
Q

What happens if levels of blood glucose levels begin to decrease below some normal value?

A

A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon (glycogen —> glucose) and fat cells release FAs

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10
Q

Mast Cells

A

contain histamine, dumped into extracellular space to act on endothelial cells causing more permeability to cells like neutrophils

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11
Q

Paracrine Regulation

A

the chemical that acts as a signal is released from one cell and influences a cell immediately adjacent to it

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12
Q

Autocrine Regulation

A

cells release certain chemicals which they can then respond to themselves

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13
Q

Posterior pituitary releases:

A

oxytocin and ADH, both are synthesized in hypothalamus

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14
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys and also helps to increase the blood volume (pressure)

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15
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates female uterine contraction

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16
Q

Diuresis

A

excessive loss of urine

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes:

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL)

18
Q

Phagocytes

A

types: monocytes and neutrophils

19
Q

Monocytes

A

leave blood thru pores in the blood vessels and enter into the tissues, they can be transformed into macrophages

20
Q

Neutrophils

A

same as monocytes, circulate in blood

21
Q

T lymphocytes

A

T cells, from thymus gland, responsible for cell-mediated immunity, destroy foreign microorganisms; 3 types: (1) cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells), (2) helper T cells, and (3) suppressor T cells

22
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

circulate in blood and to lymph organs (spleen and lymph nodes), responsible for humoral mediated immunity, B cells can differentiate into plasma cells that can secrete antibodies

23
Q

When cytotoxic T cells release growth factor interleukin-2 and macrophages release interleukin-1 and helper T cells release interleukins, what happens?

A

stimulate the synthesis of more cytotoxic T cells—killer T cells proliferate and bind to invading foreign cells bearing the antigen and induce them to lyse (cell mediated immunity)

24
Q

Class II MHC Proteins

A

on surface of B lymphocytes, B lymphocytes engulf antigen-antibody complex, degrade it, and transport a portion of antigen to Class II MHC protein

25
Q

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

composed of 4 subunits in a Y config. with 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, which are joined together by disulfide bonds

26
Q

Variable (V) Regions

A

can differ in AA sequence from Ig to Ig

27
Q

IgA

A

found in milk, helps protect nursing infants

28
Q

IgE

A

binds to mast cells, involved in allergic reactions

29
Q

IgG

A

only antibody that can cross the placenta, most abundant, produced within days after IgM antibody is secreted

30
Q

IgM

A

made a few days after detection of an antigen, it is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

31
Q

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

inserts into bacterial cell’s membrane and forms a channel that lets water into the cell—bacterial cell swells with water and lyses

32
Q

T cell receptors

A

made of 2 polypeptide chains, each with a constant and a variable domain *analogous to Ig structure

33
Q

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

composed of 4 subunits in a Y config. with 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, which are joined together by disulfide bonds

34
Q

Variable (V) Regions

A

can differ in AA sequence from Ig to Ig

35
Q

IgA

A

found in milk, helps protect nursing infants

36
Q

IgE

A

binds to mast cells, involved in allergic reactions

37
Q

IgG

A

only antibody that can cross the placenta, most abundant, produced within days after IgM antibody is secreted

38
Q

IgM

A

made a few days after detection of an antigen, it is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

39
Q

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

inserts into bacterial cell’s membrane and forms a channel that lets water into the cell—bacterial cell swells with water and lyses

40
Q

T cell receptors

A

made of 2 polypeptide chains, each with a constant and a variable domain *analogous to Ig structure

Berkeley MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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