Chapter 5 (Exam 2) Flashcards
(62 cards)
What are the six functions of bone?
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
5) Fat storage
6) Blood cell production
Where is compact bone located?
Compact bone is found on the outer layer of all bones, providing strength and protection.
Where is spongy bone located?
Spongy bone is found inside the ends of long bones and inside flat bones like the sternum and pelvis.
Where is red bone marrow found and what is its function?
Red marrow is found in spongy bone and produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Where is yellow bone marrow found and what is its function?
Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones and stores fat as an energy reserve.
What is the functional unit of compact bone?
The osteon, which includes a central canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone matrix and osteocytes.
What roles do calcium, phosphorus, and collagen play in bone matrix?
Calcium and phosphorus harden the matrix; collagen provides flexibility and strength.
What are the steps of bone formation from a cartilage model?
1) Osteoblasts form a bony collar around the shaft
2) Cartilage inside the shaft breaks down
3) Bone replaces cartilage in the shaft (primary ossification)
4) Bone forms in the ends (secondary ossification)
5) Growth plates allow the bone to lengthen
What is a displaced fracture?
A fracture where the bone ends are out of alignment.
What is a non-displaced fracture?
A fracture where the bone ends remain in correct alignment.
What is an open fracture?
A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.
What is a closed fracture?
A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.
What are the stages in healing of a bone fracture?
1) Hematoma formation
2) Cartilage (soft) callus formation
3) Bony callus formation
4) Bone remodeling
What is bone remodeling?
A continuous process where osteoclasts break down old bone and osteoblasts build new bone, responding to stress and calcium needs.
What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?
PTH raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone.
What is the role of calcitonin in calcium regulation?
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone.
How does osteoporosis occur?
It occurs when bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone formation by osteoblasts, leading to weakened bones.
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx), and rib cage (ribs and sternum).
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Clavicles, scapulae (shoulder), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (arms); pelvic bones (hips), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges (legs).
What are the 8 bones of the cranium?
1) Frontal
2–3) Parietal (2)
4–5) Temporal (2)
6) Occipital
7) Sphenoid
8) Ethmoid.
What are the 14 bones of the face?
1–2) Nasal (2)
3–4) Maxilla (2)
5) Mandible
6–7) Zygomatic (2)
8–9) Lacrimal (2)
10–11) Palatine (2)
12–13) Inferior nasal conchae (2)
14) Vomer.
What bones make up the vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum (5 fused), 1 coccyx (4 fused) = 26 bones total.
What is the role of the pectoral girdle?
Connects the arms to the axial skeleton, provides flexibility and a wide range of shoulder motion.
What is the role of the pelvic girdle?
Connects the legs to the spine; supports body weight; protects pelvic organs.
